Vaccines Defense Against Disease Or Illness - 1657 Words

Vaccines: Defense Against Disease or Initiators of Illness? Human beings are not invincible, for they are susceptible to things such as sickness, disease, and death. Throughout the years, humans have faced numerous outbreaks of different illnesses. In response to such outbreaks, people searched for ways to protect themselves. One protection method was vaccination. The creation of the first vaccine, the further development of common vaccinations, and the varied responses to vaccination have greatly impacted society. The creation of the first vaccine has affected many people. According to Shots Without Guns: The Story of Vaccination by Sarah R. Riedman, smallpox is a disease that afflicts countless people (11). In the article, â€Å"Healing†¦show more content†¦The foundation for Dr. Edward Jenner s first vaccine was the inoculation process. Because he was familiar with dairy farming, he began observing â€Å"cowpox,† or vaccinia, in which red pimples on cows udders b ecame blisters, scabbed, then scarred (Riedman 28). Many people believed exposure to cowpox would result in protection from the smallpox disease (Riedman 29). Jenner decided to test the theory that cowpox protected people from contracting smallpox (Riedman 31). He experimented by injecting smallpox material into people who were previously infected with cowpox; they did not contract the smallpox disease (Riedman 34). Jenner s experiment resulted in the discovery that cowpox could be transferred through vaccination and provided safe, effective protection from smallpox (Riedman 35). Through the efforts of Lady Montague and Edward Jenner, vaccination became a popular procedure. The creation of the first vaccine was a crucial step for the health of many people. In addition to the creation of the first vaccine, the further development of common vaccines has a variety of effects on society. According to the College of Physicians of Philadelphia s website â€Å"Different Types of Vaccines, † four categories exist based on the production process. The first type of vaccine is the live vaccine. â€Å"Types of Vaccines† sponsored by Vaccines.gov describes the live vaccine as one that contains a weakened form of a disease. â€Å"Types of Vaccines† statesShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of Medicine1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe Future of Medicine How DNA vaccinations are being used to stop Viruses? With many diseases and bacteria going around the prevention of Viruses becoming a necessity. One of the best ways is a new way using DNA to customize a way to stop viruses in people. With new technology DNA is being able to be used in our vaccinations. DNA vaccinations offer many different and effective ways to stop viruses and prevent them from recurringRead MoreWhy Is Vaccinating The Vaccine Preventable Diseases?917 Words   |  4 PagesVaccinations Ever since the invention of the first vaccine more than two centuries ago, there has been plenty of controversy over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination and immunization. Parents, health care specialists, nurses, teachers and children all have an important stake in this issue. Parents argue that it is they who should have the ultimate decision-making right on whether or not to vaccinate their children. Nurses and health care officials oppose that view on theRead MoreThe Prevention Of The Measles Crisis1262 Words   |  6 Pagespreventable deaths. These illnesses are easily avoidable, and require just getting one simple shot. Similarly, it is possible to prevent these illnesses from spreading with the same preventive action. This essay is aims to discuss and clarify what vaccines are and how they work while providing a background on their effectiveness and presence in various provinces. It will conclude with a case studies on the measles crisis, in order t o sophisticatedly analyze how two provinces with contrasting viewsRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Smallpox : A Debate For Many Parents1545 Words   |  7 Pagesthe population at the time. Edward Jenner came up with a vaccine that could treat the illness and doctors were easily able to diagnose individuals. The process took a merely It only took around fourteen years to see that smallpox was no longer something people needed to fear. A vaccine is defined as any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing a harmless form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulateRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Smallpox And Vaccines1327 Words   |  6 PagesWhen a vaccine is given, the human body produces antibodies against the foreign substance, thus creating a defense mechanism for immunity to occur. A vaccine is defined as â€Å"any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a speci fic disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production† (dictionary.com). The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most groundbreaking moments in medical historyRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Smallpox And Vaccines1327 Words   |  6 PagesWhen a vaccine is given, the human body produces antibodies against the foreign substance, thus creating a defense mechanism for immunity to occur. A vaccine is defined as â€Å"any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production† (dictionary.com). The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most groundbreaking moments in medical historyRead MoreA Child Is A Parent s Most Prized Possession1619 Words   |  7 PagesA child is a parent’s most prized possession. Imagine your yo ung baby contracting the measles virus, imagine the fear it would cause you and the possible deviations that can come from the disease. In serious cases: lifelong brain damage, deafness, and even death can occur. The average child grows up being nurtured and protected from everything the parent can protect them from. Parents want nothing but the best for their children and they would do everything they could to keep them healthy and safeRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Influenza Vaccine1294 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with influenza, about 1,250 from the United States. Influenza (also known as the flu) is a highly contagious respiratory illness that attacks the upper respiratory tract. In some cases, it can cause a mild to severe illness, but in other in others it can lead to death. Many try to eliminate getting the flu at all by getting an influenza vaccine. The influenza vaccine has produced controversy all over the United States, as some say it is highly dangerous, while most medica l professionals stronglyRead MoreVaccination Is Necessary For Every Child1382 Words   |  6 Pagesvirus or bacteria to the child s immune system to build antibodies for each vaccine viral or bacterial and thus build a line of defense for the body immune against sudden some viruses and bacteria and Jratimha injury. This vaccine is a debilitating viruses or bacteria debilitating been Shell pathological have the ability, and therefore easier to give to a child so that his immune system to build antibodies to certain diseases (such as measles - pertussis - diphtheria - Rubella - Alinkav- smallpox falseRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1325 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines are essential to a person’s everyday life and well-being. A person who sneezed in their hand just touched the same door handle that everyone else does. Most people don’t worry that they touched the same item or breathe the same air as someone else because the risk of them contracting a disease such as polio, or diphtheria are extremely low because most people are vaccinated against such diseases. Without the creation of vaccines the population of the world could be completely eliminated

My Hero Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay - 542 Words

A hero is somebody who commits an act of remarkably bravery or who has shown an admirable quality such as great courage or strength of character. (Encarta, 2009) Joseph Campbell has come up with eight of his own characteristics of a hero. Joseph Campbell is known as a scholar of mythology. There are several people in our times that are considered a hero. Whether, these heroes are fictional or nonfiction, they all portray some kind of heroic abilities. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is one the most heroic figures of our time. According to Joseph Campbells characteristics Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. has a characteristic of a hero such as, a hero is usually someone from whom something has been taken or who feels theres something lacking†¦show more content†¦He didnt feel that the separation amongst black and white folks was a normal action. Joseph Campbell mentions another characteristic of a hero, which is a hero undergoes trials and tests to see if he or she has the courage, the knowledge and capacity to survive. (The Power of Myth, 1998) Dr. Martin Luther King knew that his life was at a high risk of being killed. He knew that many people viewed his opinions as wrong and bias. In return, the officers in this time, would take water hose, point them toward African Americans and it pushed them into the wall so hard. People died from this type of action that occurred. Dr. King still strived to make this country as equal as possible. Dr. King had a strong desire to help young black women, men and children be able to associate themselves with young white, women, men and children. Dr. King led marches, made speeches, attend churches which eventually led to his death. He was assassinated on a balcony on the second floor of a motel. The bullet when through his fast and his shoulder. He knew what the outcome might be and still set out to fight for equal rights and freedom. Dr. Martin Luther King definitely gave his life to something bigger, which is known as our Lord and Savior. He has played a good role down on earth and then walked through heavens gates. He went out of his way for his family and the rest of the world toShow MoreRelated Martin Luther King Jr. Essay607 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. On the first day of school, sophomore year, my history teacher presented me with the question of Who is your hero? I didn’t have a hero, and until then I hadn’t thought about the subject. Later in the year, my eyes caught a quotation from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on the bulletin board which stated somewhat to this effect, Do not merely be a thermometer that records the ideas and principles of popular opinion; but rather a thermostat that transforms the mores of societyRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals and learn about past people who have had a great effect on people showing us what a true hero is. The late Martin Luther King Jr. is a hero in the eyes of people due to the fact that he spoke his mind as a social activist, risked his life to end segregation, and stood up for what he believed was right during the civil rights movement. Overall he was a hero for the common race. Martin Luther King Jr. grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and developed into a well-mannered and highly educated individualRead MoreThe Hero As A Hero1529 Words   |  7 PagesWhen the term â€Å"Hero† is brought up, many people will have a different definition of it. According to website dictionary.com, the real definition of a ‘hero’ is â€Å"a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of character; and a person who, in the opinion of others, has special achievements, abilities, or personal qualities and is regarded as a role model or ideal.† Nowadays, the word â€Å"hero† can be associated with literally anyone. Heroism can be associated such as famous people, fictional charactersRead MoreAnyone Can Be a Hero1524 Words   |  7 PagesAnyone Can Be a Hero By Jennifer L. Jefferson Com/150 July 8, 2012 Sonya Macon Anyone Can Be a Hero Everyone has heard through some type of media resource that there are no more heroes in the world today, that any or everyone we look up to has a bad reputation or not worth our time and eventually will steer us in the wrong direction. To our understanding this is not true there are heroes in our world, Webster dictionary defines hero as a male figure that displays superior courage and strengthRead MoreCivil Disobedience and Birmingham Campaign993 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Disobedience and Birmingham Campaign Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther king Jr. fundamentally altered the American tradition of protest and reform. Both of them shared the same idea, but viewed them differently. Dr. King wanted to ultimately raise awareness and open doors for groups while Thoreau wanted more individual rights for people. The Birmingham campaign was a movement organized by King Martin Luther in the spring of 1963 to bring attention to the integration efforts of AfricanRead MoreNonviolence Movement : Is It Acceptable For People Throughout The World?1150 Words   |  5 PagesMohandas Gandhi, who made a big contribution to Indian’s freedom. He is one of the famous people that my primary school teacher used to talk about. Mohandas Gandhiwas born on October 2, 1869in a merchant caste family inIndia. He studied law in London andwent to South Africain 1893. He spent 20 years there struggling and fighting against the discrimination(Mahatma Gandhi, 2015).Different from the normal hero image, Gandhi looks so vulnerable. It is kind of hard for people to connect the Indian freedom championRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1555 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. was a key leader and activist in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He fought against racial inequality through nonviolent resist ance. Many Americans of all races admired Martin Luther King as a symbol of leadership and what real movements look like. The Black Lives Matter movement started after the non-guilty verdict of the killing of Trayvon Martin. It campaigns against police brutality, calling for racial justice and pushing for the progress of our civil rightsRead Moreimpact of martin luther king on civil rights3162 Words   |  13 PagesHow much impact did Martin Luther King have in changing civil rights for black Americans? Eyes on the Prize, American’s Civil Rights years, 1954-1965, Juan Williams Eyes on the Prize, Juan Williams On the bus boycott â€Å"When the trial of the boycott leaders began in Alabama, the national press got its first good look at Martin Luther King Jr., the first defendant. Four days later, King was found guilty. The sentence was a $500 fine and court costs, or 386 days of hard labour. The judge explained thatRead MoreDr Martin Luther King Jrs Influence on the Social and Political Culture of the Country2658 Words   |  11 Pagesculture of the country as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Kings most formative writings and sermons dated from when he was just a teenager in seminary school (Kuruvila, 2007). Kings character was formed within the forge of the Christian faith. It was from a firm bedrock in Christianity that Kings concepts of morality and spiritual justice sprouted. However, Kings political and social activism also bore roots in the rich soil of philosophy. As Blakely (2001) points out, As Martin moved on to the seminaryRead MoreMlk s Work Not Done?1176 Words   |  5 Pages MLK’s Work Not Done? In her opinion article â€Å"50 years later MLK’s work is not done† Donna Brazile, a CNN Political commentator, and Democratic strategist, uses Martin Luther King Jr. day as a platform to speak out against inequality within the nation. Superficially, her purpose seems to motivate us as a nation to change voting laws to allow more individual to vote. Consequently, there exists a strong political colored agenda to smear republicans and sway the nation to put more democrats in office

Capital Punishment Essay Example For Students

Capital Punishment Essay Capital PunishmentThere is one question that has always brought about controversy. Shouldcapital punishment be used as a way of disciplining criminals? Over the pasttwenty years, there has been an enormous increase in violent crimes. It seemslogical that a person is less likely to commit a given act if by doing so hewill suffer swift and certain punishment of a horrible kind. As most Americansagree, death is the only appropriate punishment for such crimes. In ancient times executions were not uncommon. Even the Bible teachescapital punishment. It states, Who so sheddeth mans blood, by man shall hisblood be shed: for in the image of God made he man (Bible). In ancient times aset of laws were written which specified many crimes punishable by capitalpunishment. These laws were the Code of Hammurabi. Some of the punishablecrimes mentioned included adultery, robbery witchcraft, and murder. During theMiddle Ages, the Church assumed the responsibility of administering punishments. But individuals who commit any types of crime ranging fromauto theft to 1st-Degree Murder, never take into account theconsequences of their actions. Deterrence to crime, is rooted inthe individuals themselves. Every human has a personal set ofconduct. How much they will and will not tolerate. How far theywill and will not go. This personal set of conduct can be made orbe broken by friends, influences, family, home, life, etc. Anindividual who is never taught some sort of restraint as a child,will probably never understand any limit as to what they can do,until they have learned it themselves. Therefore, capitalpunishment will never truly work as a deterrent, because of humannature to ignore practised advice and to self learn. There are those who claim that capital punishment is in itselfa form of vengeance on the killer. But isnt locking up a humanbeing behind steel bars for many years, vengeance itself? And is ithumane that an individual who took the life of another, shouldreceive heating, clothing, indoor plumbing, 3 meals a day, while ahomeless person who has harmed no one receives nothing? Adversariesof capital punishment claim that it is far more humane then havingthe state take away the life of the individual. In February 1963, Gary McCorkell, a 19 year old sex offender,was scheduled to hang. But just days before his execution, the thenLiberal cabinet of Lester Person commuted McCorkell to life inprison. Less than 20 years later, McCorkell was arrested, tried, andconvicted for the kidnapping and rape of a 10-year old Tenesseeboy. He was sentanced to 63 years in prison. Prior to leavingCanada, he was sought by Metro Police in the attempted murder of an11-year old boy. What has been gained by this? Had McCorkell been executed in1963, two boys would never have had to have gone through the horrorof being sexually abused. These individuals may themselves becomesex offenders, as many sex offenders were sexually abused aschildren. McCorkell may have been a victim of sexually assualt in thepast, but that does not justify what he did. He did not do thisonce, he killed two boys, and assaulted two others, leaving one fordead. He knew exactly what he was doing. What right does this manhave to live? He has ruined the lives of 4 children, what will hedo in life that will compensate for that? What kind of a life wouldthe state have been taking away in this case? An innocent life? Aforgiving life? No, a life that was beyond the realm of reform, anddid not care to be. .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 , .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .postImageUrl , .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 , .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923:hover , .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923:visited , .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923:active { border:0!important; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923:active , .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923 .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4e611a735e75a192c8cb0589d1289923:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor EssayWe must be careful. We must be very careful to never, evenwhen suspicion may cause considerable doubt, send an innocentperson to be executed. It could have happened to David Millgard, itcould have happened to Donald Marshall. It probably has evenoccured numerous times in the history of the earth. But with properpolice investigations, and where the evidence shows that theindividual is a threat to the peace of society as long as he or sheis alive, capital punishment must be used.

Prenatal Development Essays - Midwifery, Fertility, Human Pregnancy

Prenatal Development Prenatal development is the period in development from conception to the onset of labor. Perinatal period is the period beginning about the seventh month of pregnancy and continuing until about four weeks after birth. Postnatal development is the period in development the follows directly after birth. The germinal stage is the stage lasting about ten -fourteen days following conception before the fertilized egg becomes implanted in the uterine wall. The embryonic stage is the stage in which major biological organs and systems form. The fetal stage is the stage in which is marked by rapid growth and preparation of body systems for functioning in the postnatal environment. Viability is the ability of the baby to survive outside the mother's womb. The gestational age is the age of the fetus derived from onset of mother's last menstrual period. The number of older mothers is on the rise in the U.S. as women postpone pregnancy to establish careers or for other reasons. Healthy women older than thirty-five routinely deliver healthy infants just as other between the ages of twenty and thirty-five do. Teenagers, however, may be at a greater risk for delivering less healthy babies. Lack of prenatal care is a big reason. Diets, while pregnant, must be sufficient not only in number of calories but also with respect to the right amount of proteins, vitamins, and other nutrients. Stress also plays a big role in delivering a healthy baby. Cultural beliefs about potentially harmful consequences of frightening or stressful events on fetal development are pervasive, and many societies encourage a calm atmosphere for pregnant women. The social support a pregnant woman receives from family and friends is an important factor that can lessen the consequences of stress during pregnancy. Another reason is the complicated nutritional needs of teenagers. Teenage mothers give birth to as many as 500,000 babies in the U.S. every year. It is suggested to women that are thirty-five or older undergo a test. Not in all cases does the woman have to be certain age. In some cases women must undergo an amniocentesis which is a small sampling of the fluid surrounding the developing fetus by inserting a needle and drawing fluid. This test is designed to diagnose fetal developmental disorders and/or genetic disorders. Ultrasonography is a method using sound wave reflections to obtain a representation the developing fetus. Support within the womb: the placenta. The placenta is a support organ formed by the cells from both blastocyst and uterine lining; serves as exchange site for oxygen, nutrients and waste products. The umbilical cord is made up of blood vessels in which oxygen, nutrients and waste products are transported between placenta and embryo. As extra precaution the fetus is surrounded in a fluid-filled, transparent protective membrane known as the amniotic sac. Teratogen is any environmental agent that can cause deviations in prenatal development. Causing behavioral problems to death. There are a number of diseases that can cause complications to a pregnancy. These are just a few of the many diseases that can cause harm: toxoplasmosis, hepatitis B, diabetes, and chlamydia. FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) is a cluster of fetal abnormalities stemming from mother's consumption of alcohol. This disease can be avoided. Most infant's are born in a hospital, although there are some alternative birth settings such as, birthing centers (home-like setting). Statistics show that births directly supervised under a midwife, have less complications and distress. Preparing for childbirth, prepared childbirth (also known is ouch), is procedures practiced during pregnancy and childbirth designed to minimize pain and reduce the need for medication during delivery. A cesarean birth is the delivery of a baby through a surgical incision in the woman's abdomen and uterus. During the delivery, a fetal monitoring device is used to monitor fetal heartbeat. In the first stage of labor , the neck of the uterus, dilates and thins to open a passage through the birth canal. When the water is about to break, the baby's head rests inside the cervix. Then, transition, the baby shifts to the birth canal. After the resting in the birth canal, the baby is ready to be born. The head rotates sideways after it emerges. Thus, allowing the placenta to fall. Infants born with low-birth weight are in luck. Despite the immediate obstacles facing low-birth weight babies, many become normal children and adults. Newborns and infants display a number of states. A large part of their time in engaged in REM sleep, a state that may provide them with stimulation even when asleep.

Eddy De Luca Essays - Junot Daz, Racism, American Literature

Eddy De Luca Professor Nils Slattum English M01B 21 February 2018 Dating in a Society of Ethnic Injustices The short story "How to date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie" was composed by a writing professor at MIT by the name of Junot Diaz. The narrator guides us through exactly how a date will or should go with a girl of color and addresses the reader in a "how-to" way. He uses situations and language to support the ideas presented in the story, and to make a vivid, but understated fact about racism in our current society. The narrator speaks in a casual tone to make the reader feel comfortable and open to relate to the text. He begins by calling the reader "you," which he does throughout the whole text. The narrator brings up having a brother which he wants the reader to relate to someone the reader may feel a close bond with like a loyal family member. He adds to this sense of honorability by using a strong and direct language to make the reader believe in his will to do something. By allowing the reader to relate, it allows the reader to understand the outlandish messages a little bit better. The Narrator mentions "the Movement," in which he is referring to the 1960's African-American Civil Rights Movement, to end raci sm in the United States. When the halfie brings this up, the narrator thinks her parents made her memorize it, but it just shows how much it meant to her and her family. This gets the reader thinking about a something a little greater than a short story about a young man trying to get laid. When the Narrator is talking about going to dinner with a halfie and says it will be tense, this shows the awkwardness between a boy and a girl in the teenage years of age. The narrator then states the response by "your brother," and says, "Man, sounds like a whole lot of Uncle Tomming to me." I believe this is a reference to the great eye-opening novel , Uncle Tom's Cabin . This is a story about an African-American slave named Uncle Tom who aided in setting the foundation for the Civil War . The suggestion that the halfie is dismayed by the comment is implying she is sensitive about race and equality in our world . The fact that "your brother" would say something like that also shows the amount of racial insensitivity between Americans and shows that people are starting to see these topics as something for our country's past only . The awareness of racial discrimination being something from a time in our historical past is reinforced when the girl starts her story with "Back then," showing that she believes it is mostly gone, but not f orgotten. The thought that ethnic labels are not a modern issue any longer is transparent and shown to be false throughout the en tire short story . A good example are the r emarks implying that a girl of a certain race will act in specific ways , or a girl with specific ethnicit ies are better . Even the title of the story implies noteworthy alterations in ethn ic backgrounds and the way that people view each other. When the girl states that black people have treated her bad in past experiences the narrator is addressing the topic of racism as a very tangible problem . Racism in America something that roots from everyone and usually is only negative . These one-faced statements like the girl saying she does not like black people , groups everyone of one race into a single body and does not consider that everyone is unique, and it is not fair t o stereotype just from the actions of someone else . The narrator has been affected by his Dominican background and is not proud of it. When he hides his family's pictures from his poor life in the Dominican before the girl comes over shows that he is very insecure about his true self. The narrator is insecure because of firsthand experience of being put down for something he has no control over. "How to date

Fantastic Mr Fox Essay Essays

Fantastic Mr Fox Essay Essays Fantastic Mr Fox Essay Paper Fantastic Mr Fox Essay Paper In times of huge discord. a child’s relationship with their parents becomes more of import. As a child’s universe is turned upside down. they cleaving to the familiar as agencies of self-identification and find in confounding fortunes. But when parent kid relationships become unhealthy. a child’s sense of individuality is damaged as they struggle to rectify their sense of ego without clear function theoretical accounts to follow. In peculiar. relationships between parents and kids of the same gender carry with them gendered ideals of ego and individuality that farther strain the relationship between the parent and kid. Both Fantastic Mr. Fox and Maus look at male parent boy relationships that are under huge strain. and how the characters discover their individualities through working their troubled relationships out. Throughout both of these plants. there is a subject of self-discovery as the agencies of bettering relationships and the moral of each narrative is that to understand genuinely each other. one must foremost understand oneself. The movie adaptation/imagination of Roald Dahl’s Fantastic Mr. Fox deviates from the beginning stuff in positive ways and introduces an interesting father-son subplot between the titular supporter and his boy ( s ) . At the start of the movie. Mr. Fox and his boy Ash have troubles pass oning with each other. An ambitious and upward believing single. Mr. Fox is less than thrilled with his son’s wiry frame and deficiency of athletic ability. Ash falls short of the â€Å"ideal† athletic masculine original that Mr. Fox likes to believe of himself as. so when the of course athletic Kristofferson comes to remain with the Foxes. Mr. Fox of course gravitates towards a father-son relationship with Kristofferson. : This causes Ash to experience tenseness and green-eyed monster because he sees Kristofferson as a challenger for his father’s attending. As the film progresses and Mr. Fox’s schemes for advancement Begin to take form. he involves first Kristofferson. due to his natural athletic ability. further intensifying the rift between Ash and his male parent. It gets to the point that Ash is willing to put on the line his life on his father’s rip-offs merely to gain his regard because he believes that his male parent values Kristofferson more than his â€Å"different† boy. This desire for his father’s attending is diminished well when Fox’s scheming and larceny necessarily conveying the farmer’s wrath down on the animate beings. The base that Ash placed his male parent on is broken and Ash decides to halt seeking to be his male parent and alternatively encompass the aspects of his character that makes him† different† . This leads to greater self-actualization for Ash who utilizes his unconventional endowments in clip to salvage his father’s life and get the better of the husbandmans. What is of import to observe here is that Ash’s self-discovery comes as a he breaks free of his father’s outlooks and comes to accept himself as a unique and of import person in his ain right. His male parent comes to accept Ash non for conforming to his ain ideals but for encompassing his individualism. Ash’s relationship with his male parent merely strengthens and deepens when Ash comes into his ain as a individual. Ash’s development and self-discovery comes in malice of his interaction with his male parent and their relationship merely matures as Ash develops his ain character. Both Mr. Fox and Ash discover themselves through understanding one another ; one time Mr. Fox discards his mid-life crisis and Ash makes peace with his eccentricities. both are capable of holding a healthy relationship with each other. The same father-son tenseness fuels character development in Maus. as the relationship between Art Spiegelman and his male parent. Vladek. develops over the class of this in writing novel. Though Maus is chiefly focused on Vladek’s ain Holocaust narration. the interaction with his son Art does non happen until after the Holocaust has happened. therefore colourising Vladek’s reading of the universe. Art provinces. â€Å"In some ways. my male parent didn’t survive the Holocaust† . Vladek’s experiences impact his worldview to the point where he has trouble associating to his boy. who merely can non conceive of the things Vladek had to make to last. This spread in understanding thrusts the struggle between the characters as Art struggles to acquire away from his father’s presence in order to set up an individuality for himself as an creative person. But nevertheless hard he tries. traveling on with his life demands that he understands his male parent. something that Art has ever found hard. I mean. I can’t even make any sense out of my relationship with my male parent †¦ how am I supposed to do sense out of Auschwitz? †¦ 0f the Holocaust? † . While these inquiries linger with Art and the reader long after the concluding page ( mostly because such mindless calamity defies comprehension ) . in working with his male parent to grok his narrative. Art begins to understand his male parent better. In making so. Art is able to do peace with his male parent and get down building his ain individuality as something other than a reaction to his male parent and the agony he endured. Art moves by simply rejecting the force per unit area his male parent puts on him. accepting his father’s battle and in the procedure their relationship is strengthened. Art and Vladek help each other to travel on with their lives to differing grades and in the procedure turn closer to one another as more complete persons. Both Mr. Fox and Vladek care about their kids and truly desire to make right by them but both are coping with their ain issues of individuality in the thick of personal crises manner beyond the comprehension of their boies. Similarly. Ash and Art’s ain sense of self-suffering. due to the strained relationships they had with their parents come into drama. In order for any sort of healthy relationship to be. meaningful self-discovery and self-actualization is necessary on the portion of both persons. The inspiriting message to take away from these narratives is that a meaningful parent-child relationship can non be between persons who themselves are uncomplete. The parent and the kid must first look to their â€Å"inner selves† to do themselves more personally complete before they can truly bask a meaningful and fulfilling parent-child relationship.

Analysing organisations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysing organisations - Assignment Example However, if a common, feasible and workable organizational culture is actualized or ‘operationalised’, the organization as well as the employees can coordinate and cooperate in a more effective manner, thereby achieving greater success. The blueprint for the success can only be formulated by an effective leader or manager. The leader following the paradigm of Functionalism or by becoming Functionalists can actualize an optimum organizational culture, according to the structure and situation of the organization, thereby solving many of its problems. As Functionalists fundamentally believe in the structure of the organisations and their necessity, they will focus on the problems that negatively impact that organization, and seek solutions for it. This assignment focusing on the organization, Starbucks and its leader, Howard Schultz will discuss how incorporation of optimum organizational culture fulfilled its ethical objectives, and importantly how it is line with Function alist paradigm. The assignment after discussing about paradigm, will review the literature about the functionalism paradigm and its relation to organizational culture, then will do the organizational analysis focusing on Starbucks and ending with conclusions and recommendations for further improvement. 2. Paradigmatic Perspectives: Functionalism As mentioned above, Functionalism focuses on how an organization or any entity exists and operates, based not only on its internal structure or constitution, but the way it functions. Because of this perspective only, organizations can focus on the problems that is impacting its functions, rather than focusing on its structure, and thereby come up with apt solutions. Although, the term ‘functionalism’ can be used to view as well as designate a variety of perspectives in different fields or disciplines, including psychology, sociology, economics, and even business environment, functionalism’ focus from philosophical perspe ctive provides apt meanings. â€Å"Functionalism in the philosophy of mind is the doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system of which it is a part.† (Levin 2004). This philosophical perspective about Functionalism originated from Aristotle's conception and ideas of the soul, and also based on Hobbes's conception of the mind. Thus, Functionalism can be considered as one of the oldest perspectives or paradigms, which is at the same time, relevant to the current times in various fields. The other key perspective about Functionalism is, it will make the organizations or any entity function in a more organised and systematic manner, while analyzing the problems and coming up with solutions. â€Å"Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner. Rather than focusing on the elements of consci ousness, functionalists focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.† (Cherry). When Functionalism is focused on the basis of Ontological and epistemological assumptions, it gives different and interesting perspectives. Functionalism according to ontological assumptions is a paradigm which stays stable for a long time, and so it is available for study for a longer time. That is, without undergoing major changes, it could be realistic and can be

Case response Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response - Case Study Example Chen’s contract is also running and offers him autonomy over operations in China and while he is willing to corporate with Denver on the required changes, he demands that change in his responsibility will need to be defined and Mia Foster has to decide on an action (Bartlett 1- 13). Foster has many options to consider but she should redefine Chen’s roles through a new contract and through mutual agreement with Chen. This is because of such factors as Chen’s willingness to work with the company, Chen’s commitment to success of the company, implications of Chen’s contract, demonstrated ability of Chen to ensure success of the business in China, and management competency of Chen to sustain the current stage of the company’s growth in China. Chen states that he is willing to continue working with the company, even after expiry of his current contract and this means a dedicated employee who should be retained, especially for his recognized output and to reduce possible costs of recruiting and training a new personnel, which may be a recurrent activity should a suitable replacement be hard to find. The fact that Chen has successfully spearheaded Levendary cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s expansion initiative also shows his commitment to the company’s goals and makes him an ideal asset. Denver’s office may not be comfortable with his initiatives but he implements these for the best interest of the organization and victimizing him for this would be unfair. With the realized success in China, noting that the company is almost breaking even in the region, Chen is likely to promote sustainability of Levendary in the region or in any other region and he should therefore not be forced out of the company. Chen’s contract als o grants him autonomy and this means that restricting his authority is a breach of contract. This entitles him to resign and take legal actions against the company and while apparent implications could

Analyzing the audeince Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyzing the audeince - Essay Example The process also adds undesired industrial activities into communities like clearing land and generating toxic waste that contribute to water and air pollution (Adam, 2005). These pollutions are devaluing land, hence turning community land into sacrificial zones. The state authorities are also involved because they want to maintain the regulatory mandate at state level, rather than surrender it to Federal regulations (Pyle, 2012). The investors and manufacturers are in it for the purpose of fighting against further regulations. Hydraulic fracturing avails to them affordable, domestic and reliable natural gas supplies. If a ban is not imposed, this supply has the potential to save them USD 11 billion annually for the next decade (Pyle, 2012). On top of the natural gas yielded by the process, the manufacturers also get extra products like ethane and butane. The citizens and environmental authorities will expect a research to confirm that hydraulic fracturing threatens the water they drink and air they breathe so that a complete ban may be imposed (Adam, 2005). State authorities will expect a research to confirm they are capable and better placed to regulate the natural gas industry instead of a Federal takeover. Finally the investors and manufacturers will expect the research to come up with no incriminating evidence against their activities, thus nullifying a

Analysis of Air Quality in the UK

Analysis of Air Quality in the UK Introduction Air pollution has always been a major area of concern in the developed world, especially in major cities. Air pollution is defined as- ‘the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke, or vapour in quantities and of characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to property, or to interfere unreasonably with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property. In the past there have been severe problems with air quality in the United Kingdom, especially in major cities such as London. In 1952 the Great London Smog, which came about due to an increase in industrialisation, caused heavy smoke to settle over the city for days and caused thousands of deaths. Fortunately, the air quality in London has substantially improved since then and visible air pollution, such as dust, smoke, and smog has mostly disappeared due to UK and European legislation and initiatives. However, there have been more recent instances of deaths caused by air pollution. In 2003, during Londons summer smog episode in August there were a total of between 46 and 212 premature deaths from ozone and 85 from particulate matter. Londons summer smog episode in July 2006 was likely to have resulted in a similar or greater number of deaths from ozone and a slightly lower number for particulate matter. Due these events and increase public awareness or the damaging effects of air pollution, the United Kingdom government has put various legislation and initiatives in place to improve air quality. Air pollutants are mainly caused by human activities that have serious health effects on human health, wildlife, and the environment. As well, car and aviation pollution are major sources of many air pollutants and the number of vehicles and aircrafts are increasing. These pollutants all contribute to climate change, which could lead to flooding and extreme weather. Environmental legislation that deals with air pollution has aimed to improve air quality through a variety of measures. Furthermore, initiatives such as the National Air Quality Strategy and preventative systems like the precautionary, preventative and polluter pays principles also aim to improve air quality. Other proposals include reducing car emissions, buying locally produced goods and turning off electronic devices when not in use. Air Pollutants Many activities that seem harmless on the surface contribute to air pollution, from driving a car to using hairspray. The main pollutants of concern that affect air quality include, but are not limited to; particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). These pollutants can have serious health effects in both the long and short term. Particulate matter is non-visible airborne particles and the main source is the emissions from diesel engines. When inhaled, particulate matter can reach deep in the lungs where it can produce inflammation and worsen heart and lung diseases in sufferers of these conditions. Volatile organic compounds are mainly released in vehicle exhaust gases, usually as unburned fuels. These compounds can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to certain infections. Chlorofluorocarbons are a product of aerosol sprays, solvents, etc that undergo a major reaction that destroys the ozone. The ozone is vital as it protects life from ultraviolet radiation. Also, CFCs can have a more visible effect as it has been known to irritate the lungs and increase the symptoms in sufferers of asthma and lung diseases. Other possible long term health effects include cancer, liver and kidney damage, and birth defects. Sulphur dioxide is released into the air due to the burning of fossil fuels which contain sulphur, the most common source being coal fired power stations. It is an acidic gas which can combine with water vapour to produce acid rain, which has been linked to the death of wildlife in some cases, as well as to the corrosion of buildings. It can cause a decrease in lung function in persons who already suffer from respiratory problems. Thus, it is clear to see why it is important to reduce these pollutants as much as possible to ensure the safety of the population. Car Pollution Motor Vehicles are one of the major sources of air pollution in the United Kingdom by causing carbon dioxide emissions at a total of 22%. Other air pollutants from motor vehicles include nitrogen oxides, particles, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. This will not change in the near future as traffic levels are predicted to continue to rise. All of these pollutants have a damaging impact on human health and flora and fauna. The UK Government has introduced measures to combat this form of air pollution. The annual Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) was introduced in 2001 as a way to tax motor vehicles based on predicted carbon dioxide emissions and the type of fuel used. In addition, tax discounts are available for users who buy bio-fuel and hybrid electric vehicles. In this way, car owners are encouraged to buy vehicles which are less harmful to the environment. Aviation Pollution In 2006, approximately 240 million passengers passed through the main UK airports and the government predicts that by 2020 this will increase to 400 million passengers. Pollutant emissions from aircrafts are rising with the increasing amount of flights. Previously, the main pollutant that was emitted from aircrafts was nitrogen oxides (NOx). These are harmful as they contribute to the making of ozone which has a major part in global warming; however this is not a problem of recent for civil aviation with the decommissioning of the Concorde. As well, aircrafts are a major source of carbon dioxide emissions and these emissions at a higher altitude are thought to have a greater effect on climate change than emissions on the ground. In fact, it is likely that the aviation sector will become the main source of carbon dioxide in the near future. Climate Change Along with directly harming human health as mentioned, another effect that these pollutants cause is climate change, which implies a significant change from one climatic condition to another. This happens when the emission of greenhouse gases trap the radiation emitted by the earths surface which raises the air temperature. There are predictions that this can cause changes such as the melting of polar ice caps which could cause flooding in low-lying areas. The ‘greenhouse effect, as this is called, continues to increase as the emissions of these gases are on the rise and the government is following the Kyoto Protocol targets in order to reduce these emissions. As well, the UK launched a climate change program in 2000 with the aim of helping the UK to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5% by 2012 and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20% by 2010. The reduction of greenhouse gas emission is done through integrated pollution prevention and control permits. The two main economic instruments used to combat climate change in the United Kingdom are the climate change levy and the national emissions trading scheme. The Climate Change Levy (CCL), which was introduced in the Finance Act 2000, is an energy usage tax that is levied on users in the industrial and public sector. There are also discount schemes in place, as well as an incentive to companies as they can reclaim 100% of capital allowance for energy efficient products within the first year of expenditure. The national emissions trading scheme is a voluntary measure which began in 2002 and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by allowing participants to buy and sell allowances to produce emissions. The scheme was devised by the Emissions Trading Authority. The allowances are based on specific reduction target agreed on by the participants. One of the critiques of the scheme is that any reduction in emissions is not necessarily linked to the trading scheme. Current Legislation Air pollution is a challenging area of environmental law to regulate. This is because emissions can diffuse quickly and it can be difficult to identity the sources of pollution. Although the UK government has been accused of being reactive rather than proactive with regards to environmental regulation, the government has passed various laws in an effort to combat air pollution. The first of such laws was passed in response to the Great London Smog, and called the Clean Air Act 1956. The act aimed to protect the environment by controlling and reducing sources of smoke pollution including smoke, dust, and fumes from all fires and furnaces by introducing smokeless zones in the city. This act was supplemented by the Clean Air Act 1968, and both acts were consolidated in the Clean Air Act 1993. As well, The Environment Act 1995 contains a number of provisions which enabled the development of various policies on air pollution. It requires all local authorities in the UK to review and assess air quality in their area. If any standards are unlikely to be met by the required date, then that area will be designated an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and the local authority must implement an action plan aimed at reducing levels of the pollutant. Furthermore, some local authorities have adopted specific bye laws to control sources of air pollution. However, these can be difficult to enforce because surveillance is complicated and it is not easy to find those responsible. In terms of traffic control, the Road Traffic Reduction Act 1997 places a duty on local authorities to continually review traffic levels on roads and to produce targets for lowering traffic numbers. Local authorities have the power to do this by issuing Traffic Regulation Orders (TROs) which can be used to achieve air quality objectives by restricting traffic in certain areas. Also, under the Transport Act 2000, every local transport authority must create Local Transport Plans (LTP) which give details for promoting public transport and charging levies to vehicle uses. Finally, the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 sets down the targets for air quality in each area starting from the end of 2003 to 2008. These objectives are to reduce the main pollutants of concern and are set in relation to the effect on human health, as well as its effect on the environment in general. Initiatives The National Air Quality Strategy is the main policy that sets out UK air quality standards and objectives for reducing levels of health-threatening pollutants and maintaining or improving air quality levels. Its power comes from section 80 of the Environment Act 1995. The levels of reduction have been set on the basis of scientific and medical evidence on the health effects of the various pollutants, and according to how realistic the standards to be met are. Many of these standards are the product of UK incorporation of European law. The targets laid out by the strategy are usually achieved by pollution control legislation through the setting of emission limits. However, though the environment act provides a power to prescribe standards, the strategy has no statutory force. The system of Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) is the main form of pollution regulation in the UK, and gets its power under the Environmental Protection Act 1990. It aims to ensure that solutions that have a positive impact on one area of the environment, does not have a negative impact on another i.e. to have more integrated solutions. The system involves issuing a permit and conditions are based on the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT), which balances the costs of preventing environmental impacts against benefits to the environment. Where a breach of legally binding EU air quality limit values is caused by a particular industrial installation or sector, more stringent permit limits than BAT can be imposed. A number of smaller installations are covered by Local Authority Pollution Prevention and Control (LAPPC), which controls emissions to air only. The Precautionary and Preventative Principles These principles are methods of protecting the environment from damage. This precautionary principle states that precautions should be taken to protect human health and the environment, even in the event of a lack of evidence of harm caused. However, critics say it does not specify how much caution should be taken. As well week precaution, which is used in the UK, only requires precautionary measures to be taken when the balance of cost and benefits justifies doing so. This basically means that persons can cause environmental damage as long as it is a net gainer to do so, which does not let the public know the importance of protecting the environment. The preventative principle is more widely acceptable. It states that the damage should be prevented in advance rather than taken care of after the fact. It also requires the preventative measures to be based on scientific standards. Thus, it is more likely to be accepted by big corporations as it is a more proven measure. The Polluter Pays Principle The polluter pays principle is a policy developed by the EC. It means that the person or organisation that caused the pollution should pay for the cost of the pollution. This includes direct and indirect costs as well as costs incurred by avoiding pollution. However is should be noted that this principle, though followed, has no statutory force. This policy has major criticism because it is hard to determine the limits on payment for damage caused. It is also difficult to identify the polluter. In most instances, only certain polluters are targeted which brings harsh criticism and questions the validity of the policy. As well, it could give the impression that pollution is acceptable as long as you pay for it which sends the wrong message. Proposals The only way that the above mentioned legislations and initiatives will work in todays society is if there is a greater emphasis on public awareness of the effects of air pollution on our environment. The most efficient starting point in combating air pollution is by seeking to reduce emissions in motor vehicles, as well as reducing the number of vehicles. This can be done through the promotion of public transport and carpooling. Also, there should be more encouragement of buying local goods, as the longer the distance that goods are transported, the more air pollution is generated. Thus, if more people consumed locally produced goods it would go a long way in reducing air pollution and improving air quality. Finally, if people switch off their electronic devices when they are not using them and use energy-saving light bulbs, they can save on their electricity bill as well as reduce the amount of pollutants that are emitted into the air. Therefore, if less electricity is used then le ss power is produced and fewer pollutants will be released into the air. Conclusion The environment is obviously very important for various reasons, and every effort must be made to protect it to the greatest extent possible. It can be seen that air pollution has a significant negative impact on human health, wildlife, architecture and the environment in general. This is mostly caused by certain human activities and by reducing them we can improve air quality. These improvements include taking non-vehicle means of transportation, buying locally produced goods, switching off electronic appliances and buying energy-saving light bulbs. However, air pollution is a difficult area of environmental law to navigate, as the range of polluters and the sources of pollutants are varied and difficult to identity. It is important to continue improvements of air quality in the UK, especially in light of upcoming events such as the Olympics in 2012. As Philip Mulligan, Chief Executive of Environmental Protection UK, said: With current concerns regarding the air quality in Beijing for the Olympics this summer, it is only fitting that London takes steps to ensure that air quality standards are met in the capital, in time for the 2012 games. It is important that the United Kingdom is seen as a leader in protecting the environment, as a lot of countries look the UK for guidance on important issues such as these.

Epistemology and the Material Environment :: Philosophy

Epistemology and the Material Environment ABSTRACT: This paper presents an epistemological approach to the investigation of material properties that is opposed to both phenomenalistic epistemology and recent linguistical and ontological accounts of matter/mass terms. Emphasis is laid on the inherent context dependence of material properties. It is shown that, if this is taken seriously, some deep epistemological problems arise, like unavoidable uncertainty, incompleteness, inductivity, and nonderivableness. It is further argued that some widely held epistemological accounts, namely that of essentialism, constructivism, and pragmatism, all reveal some serious defects if related to the recognition of materials. In order to responsibly manage our material environment, a more realistic estimation of our epistemic abilities and prospects is suggested. Introduction: The primacy of epistemology Since a couple of years we may witness a growing philosophical interest in matter(s), material substances, or material beings. (1) Far from their Aristotelean-Thomistic ancestors, today’s philosophers focus on the ontology of matter(s) or the linguistics of mass terms by logical means, provided by analytical philosophy mainly in a Quinian manner. While this has enabled considerable insight in logical and linguistical features, it suffers from a certain sterility with regard to ordinary and, in particular, scientific experience of material/chemical substances. In fact, most accounts leave epistemological problems and presuppositions undiscussed or implicit. Against a (still) prevailing tendency to tell ontological stories based on logical-linguistic analysis, I claim for the primacy of epistemology, i.e. an analysis of the conditions, possibilities and limits of our knowledge gaining processes, that may lead, only in a second step, toward a (linguistically shaped) world view. There is no doubt that linguistic conventions are important constraints of, and even influential on, the social process of knowledge gaining, esp. in science. But these constraints only play a conservative role, while our knowledge of materials tends to change and, as I will show, improve by experimental and conceptual refinements. Moreover, ignoring the non-linguistic constraints, in particular the epistemic conditions of experiencing materials, is even in danger of missing the meaning of our scientific (mass) terms. Starting from an ‘epistemologized’ ontology of matter, I will point out some deeper epistemological problems of material properties, that arise mainly from its inherent context dependence. It turns out, that these problems forces us towards a more modest epistemological position: neither skepticism, nor naive optimism. 1. Ontology epistemologized: material objects The problem of telling a ‘pure’ epistemological story is that it seems to presuppose an ontological starting point: "What is matter?

New England vs. Chesapeake: Religion and People

Throughout the 17th century many people of English origin flooded into the new world with the thought of a new beginning. In order to start their new lives, the English began settling in two main areas; known as the New England and Chesapeake regions. Although these areas were colonized by the same type of people, many differences existed amongst them. Religion was a main aspect in the differences between New England and Chesapeake. New England was founded for the purpose of religious freedom.The Puritans who first stepped off the Mayflower and landed in New England arrived with a perfect vision of what they believed their church would be like. They left England for the reason that they didn’t agree on the principles of the Church of England. This colony allowed them to worship whomever they chose. Although they had started a new life in a new place they remained faithful to the king of England. In order to become a saint one had to go through the conversion process which incl uded declaring your sins in front of your community. This granted church membership, which included the right to vote.Unlike New England, religion wasn’t a main objective in the Chesapeake society. Religion in the Chesapeake region was not at all common, except in a few areas. The colony of Maryland was intended as a sanctuary for Catholics after being mistreated when the Catholic Church separated from the Church of England. Some Virginians who were still religious remained Anglican. These differences between the colonies developed because of the people who settled there. New England was compromised of families who came to the New World in search of religious freedom while the Chesapeake Region consisted of young men whose only focus was money.This proves that the types of people that settled in these regions, led to the religious diversity between them. Furthermore the political systems that existed in the New England and Chesapeake regions were also different. The governmen t in New England changed many times through history, starting with the Mayflower Compact. It stated how the Puritans would establish a civil government while still being loyal to the king. Later the colonists demanded a court system known as General Court and a representative government. The king appointed a royal governor for each colony. These governors followed the orders of the king.They had a bicameral legislative: one which was appointed by the king and the other by the people. The local government involved the county court system which dealt with issues in the immediate town. These issues were discussed in the town meeting which only men were allowed to attend. Every man was given a freedom of speech during the town meetings. The right to vote was based on church membership. In the Chesapeake region every colony had a royal governor appointed by the king. They convinced the king to let them have an elected assembly but only if they paid for colonies by taxes.This assembly was known as the House of Burgesses and if elected it was a lifetime position. The local government consisted of a county court system which could set local tax rates and build roads. The right to vote was based on land ownership. The reasons the governments were different is because of the beliefs the inhabitants of each area had. The New Englanders believed religion was the key which led to more of a democratic type of government where they have more say. The people of the Chesapeake region revolved around making money. These differences in beliefs led to the variations in the types of governments.In addition to religion and political systems, the types of people that settled in these regions contributed to the differences. In the New England region the main focus was religion and family. People who first settled here were Puritans who broke off from the Church of England looking for religious freedom. New England attracted many families at the time. Since there were an equal number of males and females the birth rate was through the roof. They believed public education was key to resist the devil, which resulted in the Old Deluders act.Most New Englanders were loggers, fishers, or shipbuilders since the colony didn’t have a suitable geography and climate for agriculture. Social reciprocity was also common where everything was equal among people. The Chesapeake region was inhabited mostly by young men who come to the New World in pursuit of money. Since women were rare they had a larger influence than in New England. Tobacco was responsible for the success of some of these men. Tobacco became a very popular crop and required lots of land and labor. Indentured servants were hired to grow the tobacco.Settlers started replacing indentured servants with slaves because they could be driven harder with little to no compensation. These differences between the people of these colonies were based on their principles. New Englanders was centered on religion and fa mily while Chesapeake revolved around young men trying to make money. The settler’s principles led to the variances between the types of people that occupied in these colonies. Religion, political systems, and the types of people who occupied the New England and the Chesapeake regions, contributed to why they had evolved into two distinct societies over time.

5 Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now

5 Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now 5 Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now 5 Tips for Cleaning Up Your Writing Right Now By Mark Nichol Here are five quantitative quick tips about improving your writing functionally, before you even get into improving the quality of your prose: 1. Always Use Serial Commas The policy of preceding every item in a list but the last one with a comma is commonsensical (read a previous article about the serial comma). Confusion is possible when you don’t and highly unlikely when you do. What if, using a non-serial-comma style, you write about more than two things when one of the things consists of more than one part or ingredient? (â€Å"The choices are roast beef, turkey, and ham and cheese.†) Do you insert a serial comma for clarity (and introduce an inconsistency) or leave the sentence as is for readers to stumble on? Adherence to serial-comma style eliminates the dilemma. 2. Minimize Capitalization Job titles are capitalized only before names. Names of academic majors aren’t capitalized unless they are already proper nouns, like names of languages (â€Å"English†) or references to regions (â€Å"Asian studies†). Generic names of entities (â€Å"the hospital,† â€Å"the organization,† and so on) are lowercased. Yes, capitalization is a minefield; when in doubt, look it up, and search on this site for â€Å"capitalization† for many articles on the topic (including this one). 3. Repair Comma Splices A comma alone cannot separate two independent clauses in a sentence. Break the clauses into distinct sentences, or separate them with a semicolon or an em dash or a comma and a conjunction (and, or, and so on) but not with a comma alone. For more information on this topic read 5 Ways to Fix the Comma Splice. 4. Omit Extraneous Hyphens, and Insert Necessary Ones â€Å"Decision making,† â€Å"problem solving,† and similar compound nouns require no hyphen, unless they precede a noun as a compound modifier (â€Å"decision-making procedure,† â€Å"problem-solving aptitude†). â€Å"Near collision† and other similar constructions don’t, either, with the same exception (â€Å"near-collision statistics†). Established compound modifiers usually don’t require a hyphen even before a noun (â€Å"high school student†). Confused? Here’s a simple rule: Look it up. (And check out this DailyWritingTips article and find others on the topic by searching on the site for â€Å"hyphens.†) 5. Limit Displays of Emphasis Words can be italicized to indicate that they are being used to refer to themselves, not the things they stand for (â€Å"Note the word emphasis†), or to signal a foreign term (â€Å"Wunderbar means â€Å"wonderful†), or to make sure the reader understands that something is really important. Words can be initial-capped to indicate irony or other humorous intent. (â€Å"The rent-a-cop exuded the air of an Authority Figure.†) Boldface is appropriate for introducing new vocabulary or otherwise calling attention to an unfamiliar term but is best limited to textbooks and guidebooks. But all-caps are invariably excessive, â€Å"scare quotes† are seldom necessary, and be judicious about otherwise calling attention to words and phrases. You can read a previous article on this post titled How to Add Emphasis to Your Writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsSocial vs. Societal5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

Essay on Warrantless Arrests and Searches

Essay on Warrantless Arrests and Searches Essay on Warrantless Arrests and Searches Essay on Warrantless Arrests and SearchesThe Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides legal protection against unreasonable search and seizure conducted by federal government agents and law enforcement officers who are planning to use that evidence in a criminal process. The issue regarding warrantless arrests and searches has been widely discussed in academic literature (Kleiman, 2011). According to researchers, â€Å"warrantless arrests are more common than those with a warrant†(Emanuel, 2009, p. 135). However, warrantless searches depend on the availability of one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement to be lawful. Under the U.S. Constitution, the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit warrantless arrests for minor crimes that require punishment in the form of a fine (Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 (2001)).   The Supreme Court decisions regarding the legality of unreasonable arrests and searches are based on the Fourth Amendment (Kleiman, 2011). The probable cause is necessary in order to obtain a warrant from the judge. In other words, a law enforcement officer who is planning to arrest an individual without a warrant must be based on the availability of the probable cause to believe that an individual has been involved in criminal activity. The probable cause forms the basis of legality for arrests, searches and seizures without a warrant.The major goal of this paper is to discuss the Fourth Amendment Warrant Requirement and Justifications for Warrantless Arrests and Searches.The Fourth Amendment Warrant Requirement  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Fourth Amendment is an important constitutional amendment which sets certain standards for search warrant and protections against unreasonable search and seizure. The Fourth Amendment Warrant Requirement that governs the search of a crime scene is that â€Å"authorities must comply with the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution† (Buckles, 2006, p. 132) . Actually, the Fourth Amendment Warrant can be applied to search or seizure under some particular circumstances. Based on the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court expresses a preference for searches and seizures made pursuant to a legally executed warrant. In fact, the term â€Å"search warrant† can be defined as a legal written order signed by the court officials to authorize a law-enforcement officer or government agent to conduct a search or seizure (Buckles, 2006).   In other words, a search warrant authorizes to conduct a search for a person (or persons) suspected of a crime. According to the law, searches and seizures that are performed without a lawful warrant are considered to be unacceptable. At the same time, any evidence that has been seized without a lawful warrant should be suppressed. The court should rule that the search is reasonable under the particular circumstances (Buckles, 2006; Kleiman, 2011).Moreover, the application for a lawful search warrant to a particular case should be supported by a sworn statement made by a law enforcement officer in the court. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that there should be a probable cause for the search or seizure when the circumstances of the case form the basis for an individual to believe that he/she has committed a crime (Kleiman, 2011). The term â€Å"probable cause† means some probable reason for having a belief in the fact that an individual has committed a crime. The probable cause of the search or seizure should be established by out-of-court statements, which are made by police informants, although the magistrate cannot properly test these statements.However, the probable cause of the search or seizure cannot be regarded as a lie in case the only evidence of criminal activity is the affirmation of suspicion made by law enforcement officer. The case Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964) is an example of this statement. In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that â€Å" although an affidavit supporting a search warrant may be based on hearsay information and need not reflect the direct personal observations of the affiant, the magistrate must be informed of some of the underlying circumstances relied on by the person providing the information and some of the underlying circumstances from which the affiant concluded that the informant, whose identity was not disclosed was credible and his information reliable† (Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964)). On the other hand, the reason to make an arrest or conduct a search is not the same crime identified by the facts, as it was described in the case Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146 (2004). In this case, the Fourth Amendment does not demand to establish the probable cause for the arrest based on the same conduct as the crime identified by the law enforcement officer during the initial encounter.Justifications for Warrantless Arrests and Searches  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the U.S. Supreme Court has a preference for searches and seizures conducted under a warrant, there is much evidence that not all searches and seizures can be included in this category. According to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions, the fundamental constitutional rule applied to this issue is that if searches and seizures are conducted without a warrant or the approval of the judge, under the Fourth Amendment, these legal actions are considered to be unreasonable. Nevertheless, many arrests and searches are justified and can be conducted without a warrant. Today it is necessary to classify many exceptions to the search and seizure warrant requirements (Lippman, 2010).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case United States v. Watson, the U.S. Supreme Courted ruled that some circumstances can affects the court decision regarding the legality of the warrantless arrests and searches. According to researchers, â€Å"warrants may slow the enforcement of the lawâ₠¬ (Lippman, 2010, p. 150). The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the warrantless arrest was legal. Under some circumstances, warrants arrests based on probable cause are â€Å"consistent with the historic practice of the common law as well as with state statutes and state constitutions and therefore under the Fourth Amendment† (Lippman, 2010, p. 150). In other words, the warrantless arrest of individuals is permissible when the law enforcement officers obtained a warrant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general, in order to be lawful under the Fourth Amendment, a search, seizure or arrest conducted by law enforcement officers should be based on some probable cause. Justifications for warrantless arrests and searches depend on the availability of the probable cause. According to Peter J. Gordon (1978), â€Å"a warrant is never required to make either an arrest or a search when exigent circumstances exist†(p.1550). There are three important cases that illustr ate various aspects of the ability of law enforcement officers and government agents to conduct arrests without a warrant. These cases include United States v. Watson (1976), United States v. Santana (1976) and Payton v. New York (1980). In the case United States v. Watson (1976), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to give postal inspectors the right to perform warrantless searches and arrests based on probable cause, even if they have to arrest someone in public. In the case United States v. Santana (1976), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a warrantless arrest inside a house was constitutional. The law enforcement officers had enough evidence used to produce the probable cause to believe that the crime was committed by Santana. In the case Payton v. New York (1980), the Court found that the police entry was unconstitutional and â€Å"beyond the scope of the police’s right to make warrantless arrests† (Emanuel, 2009, p. 77). The police entered the house when there was no on e inside it. They broke the door in order to find evidence for Payton’s conviction. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that police officers have the right to stop suspicious individuals in the street in order to search them for weapons (Buckles, 2006; Emanuel, 2009). The case of Terry v. Ohio (1968) is a good example of this practice. In this case, special attention was paid to the availability of the probable cause to stop individuals in the street.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, there is justification for warrantless searches at the time of an individual’s arrest. There are three fundamental reasons for warrantless searches during the arrest: the chance to identify if the person is concealing weapons, the need to prevent the escape of the person during the arrest procedure and the need to prevent the destruction of important evidence (Lippman, 2010).Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to c onclude that search warrants help to protect the privacy of citizens by demanding authorities to prove the need for the search or seizure of an individual’s property under particular circumstances. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is a good example of legislation that can be used to prevent unreasonable search or seizure. Nevertheless, there is justification for warrantless arrests and searches which is defined by the U.S. Supreme Court. The major goal of the police officers who are allowed to conduct warrantless searches and seizures is to preserve evidence. Besides, warrantless searches are justified during arrests.

Research paper on the death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research paper on the death penalty - Essay Example Whether or not it is cruel is not definable by law. It can only be defined by the collective social conscious of a culture. The legal interpretation of ‘cruel and unusual’ is somewhat open to debate but in general, the term ‘cruel’ refers to brutal punishments that cause excessive pain. Most legal experts agree that punishments including bodily dismemberment or torture are undoubtedly classified as cruel. Again, terminologies are open to interpretation as evidenced by the current debate at the highest level of government involving the definition of torture. The term ‘unusual’ is commonly understood to define the equitable application of punishment for a particular offense. For example, if ten people were cited for speeding and nine of them were fined $100 but one was fined $1000, this penalty would be considered ‘unusual.’ Taken together, both ‘cruel’ and ‘unusual’ indicate that the punishment should be exa cted in proportion to the offense committed. A life term in prison is an acceptable form of punishment but if it were imposed for jaywalking, this would be an unacceptable sentence because it would be considered excessive given the severity of the offense. Excessive is also open to wide interpretation in both the public and legal realm. Some would argue, for example, that imprisonment of any amount of time for ‘crimes’ such as gambling, prostitution and the possession of drugs should be interpreted as excessive therefore ‘unusual.’ The Supreme Court has on several occasions dealt with judging the merits of the death penalty and whether or not it is interpreted by the Constitution as punishment which is cruel and unusual. The Court has always ruled the terminology of the Eighth Amendment does not exclude the implementation of death as punishment. The Constitution is a malleable document, however. The interpretation of the Eighth Amendment has evolved somewhat throughout the years and the Court

Observation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Observation - Essay Example He actually calls upon his mother for assistance to keep his sisters out of his room. It is very apparent from how marshal behaves in the morning that he is very quick in doing things. He also seems very impatient. He likes things happening fast and therefore pushes everyone around. He yells to his sisters asking them whether they are ready. Torn between breakfast and going to school, he seems to prefer to forego breakfast. Maybe he is time conscious and would not want to be late for school. Marshal feels proud to be the only man in the house and wants everybody to notice that. Self-assertive people are characterized by a degree of authority in expression of their ideas (Pfeiffer 6). It is not difficult to notice his self-assertiveness as he talks to his sisters. However, he is intelligent enough not to be overly assertive towards his mother. Interestingly, Marshall intelligently gauges every situation and reacts to it appropriately. It does not come by surprise that his attitude varies as he talks to different people. It is not so difficult to notice the way he stri ves to show his authority around the house. He has to hang his jacket or a coat on one of his shoulders and swing around for everyone to see. It is interesting to imagine what kind of a man or a boss he will be when he grows up. Although Marshal is usually impatient, he sometimes calms down and lets natural events take place. Regardless of the hunger, he still sits down and waits to be served with the available food. However, the food is not pleasing to him and he refuses to take it. He has a strong self-drive and would always do what pleases him most which makes him go for tuna and wheat meal instead of served beans and corn bread. Additionally, he confidently asks for ice cream even after refusing to eat the food prepared for family. Although it cannot be claimed that he is so self-centered, he always thinks about himself first. While his sisters

The analytical essay of the movie The History Boys Assignment

The analytical essay of the movie The History Boys - Assignment Example The essay explores the dramatic elements, theme, and meanings of the film, specifically for four main characters, Hector (Richard Griffiths), Irwin (Stephen Campbell Moore), Dakin (Dominic Cooper), and Posner (Samuel Barnett). Their sexuality produces inner conflicts that intersect with outer conflicts with social norms, norms that the basic institutions of society, specifically schools and religion, define and control. The dramatic action is the pursuit of knowledge in education and life and the changes that come from â€Å"knowing† and â€Å"becoming.† The theme of the film is that the purpose of education is to not teach what is known, but to help students know the unknowns about their society and their identities because this mindset makes them critical of knowledge and truth and sensitive to the vast gender and knowledge imbalances in society. Dramatic action occurs through the action of characters on their inner and outer conflicts about their identities and their knowing of the purpose of education to their identities. Education is supposed to help students and teachers learn what they do not know yet, so that they can become whole individuals. The through action of Irwin is that he changes because he learns that as a teacher, he should not forget his own personal growth. After Dakin and his friends learn that they all passed their respective university entrance tests, he confronts Irwin and offers an indecent sexual proposal. Dakin makes a strong remark on how different Irwin is as a history teacher and as a man because he is more confident and more of a risk-taker as a teacher than as a gay man (Cusack & Hytner, 2006). Irwin is clearly struggling with his gay identity, which he seems to be ashamed of. After the sexually-charged confrontation with Dakin, however, he becomes more spontaneous with his identity, when he rides with Hector on the latter’s motorcycle. The riding act means that Irwin is no longer ashamed of his identity be cause the purpose of education for him is to learn who he is. Dakin has action through understanding that he does not have to know his exact gender to be comfortable with himself because gender and education are both fluid complex processes in life. When he talks to Irwin about the sexual tension between them, Dakin underlines that he is not completely gay: â€Å"I'm not, but it's the end of term; I've got into Oxford; I thought we might push the boat out† (Cusack & Hytner, 2006). Dakin’s main conflict is his rigid sense of heteronormativity, which involves the validity placed on heterosexual relations. In reality, he struggles with his bisexuality. Both Irwin and Dakin are unravelling their sexual identities that they have repressed, and it is their education about sexuality that releases them from the bondage of heteronormative gender norms. Hector and Posner have the same gender conflicts, being gay in a world of masculine education. Posner struggles with his sexual ity that he does not want to control, while Hector struggles with his sexuality that he wants to control, but prefers not to because of his justifications that they are mere sexual baptismal rites. Posner confesses to Irwin that he is gay and in love with Dakin, and that he does not want his gay sexuality to be a phase (Cusack & Hytner, 2006). His inner struggle is more connected with his sexual insecurity because of his social circumstances. Posner is aware of the prejudice against gay people: â€Å"

Miss Evers’ Boys portrays the emotional effects Essay Example for Free

Miss Evers’ Boys portrays the emotional effects Essay Miss Evers’ Boys portrays the emotional effects of one of the most amoral instances of governmental experimentation on humans ever perpetrated. It depicts the government’s involvement in research targeting a group of African American males (â€Å"The Tuskegee Experiment†), while simultaneously exploring the depths of human tragedy and suffering that result, as seen through the eyes of Eunice Evers. The viewer watches as a seemingly innocuous program progresses into a full-blown ethical catastrophe—all the while taking Miss Evers through a moral journey, with her decisions having ramifications on the life and well-being of her best friends—her â€Å"boys. † I. Structure This movie deals with the ethical considerations present in human experimentation. The government, wanting to mimic the Oslo Experiments, intends to study a population of AfricanAmericans inflicted with syphilis. The movie takes place in alternate settings, transitioning between a 1973 Senatorial hearing and the site of the actual study in Alabama, beginning in 1932 and moving forward. Miss Eunice Evers, a nurse at a local Tuskegee hospital, is the centerpiece of the movie. II. Setting Plot Summary With an ominous lead-in quote, Miss Evers’ Boys begins to tell the tale of an emotionally courageous young woman and her struggle to protect her â€Å"children. † Within the first few frames  of the movie, the viewer is automatically entrenched into the already tenuous history of racial tension in America—except, this time, under the auspices of segregation founded upon disease. The movie begins, placing the viewer as an observer of a 1973 U. S. Senate Hearing, where we are first introduced to Miss Eunice Evers. Miss Evers is testifying as a nurse, one who took the nurse’s oath to protect the health of those in her care. The claimed Senatorial goal is to discover the truth underlying the â€Å"Tuskegee Study. † Miss Evers worked in the study from 19321972. The movie progresses throughout the course of the hearing, with testimony by Miss Evers and reminiscent scenes telling the tale of the study. In the beginning, Miss Evers firmly supports the goal of the initial plan—to provide care and treatment to those suffering from syphilis. â€Å"It was the dawn of a new day,† explains Miss Evers. At this point (pre-study), she believes that the government is sending her patients, and her city, the best funding and medical support available. The viewer is then introduced to Miss Evers’ Boys—a folk music group. 1 The musicians (four of them) are the first patients to provide blood samples, one of them being Caleb, an eventual love-interest of Miss Evers. Each of the men test positive for syphilis. At this point in the movie, everyone (including Miss Evers) is still under that assumption that â€Å"bad blood† is the culprit for the disease. Ultimately, the funding for the initial study disintegrates. After a visit to Washington, various gentlemen confront Dr. Brodus, the head doctor in Tuskegee, with an offer for a new rationale for funding. The gentlemen explain their intentions of studying the African-American population, much like the Caucasian population in the Oslo Experiments (1891-1910). The government then reveals the true nature of the experiment—the proposed study of untreated African-Americans dealing with syphilis. 1 The government promises future treatment and The group names their band after Miss Evers when she drives them to their first musical show. 2 proclaims the future potential of the Tuskegee Experiment, appealing to Dr. Brodus’ pride. Dr. Brodus agrees, naming the study, The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in The Negro Male. 412 men, afflicted with syphilis, participate in the study. In a telling interaction involving one of the first patients, Miss Evers suggests that the doctors explain to the study group that they are providing â€Å"back shots. † Through her deceit, Miss Evers thus begins to involve herself in the â€Å"treatment. † The tension she feels manifests itself in her facial features; the viewer can see her apprehension in this instance and throughout the movie. She is torn, but yet continues to help Dr. Brodus conduct the study. As 6-months turns into years, Miss Evers continues to hide the secret behind the study. She urges the men to continue the study, in hope of future treatment—treatment that never comes, even through the eventual availability of penicillin. Miss Evers’ ultimate decision as to how she deals with the care and treatment of her â€Å"boys† will be left to the viewer. With the journey, however, comes a tumultuous story, exposing the hypocrisy of the United States Government through the eyes of Eunice Evers. Throughout the movie, as an audience, we want Miss Evers to defy all conventions and simply provide the necessary medicine to the patients. Yet, she struggles throughout with the pros and cons of such a decision. On one hand, she wants to support the experiment; yet, on the other, she wants to protect and comfort her friends. As we finally see in the end, as seen through Miss Evers’ unique perspective, while one may question Miss Evers, it is the Senators themselves, and the government agents before them, who prove to be more worthy of moral appraisal. III.

Students Death Raises Concerns about Weapons Essay -- Journalism Viol

Student's Death Raises Concerns about Weapons Brett Schweinberg, a 19-year-old Emerson student and Brookline resident, never imagined that a night intended for so much celebration in Boston could end so tragically. Schweinberg was one of an estimated 80,000 revelers who flooded the streets of Kenmore Square and the Fenway Park neighborhood in the early hours of Oct. 21, following the Boston Red Sox’s ALCS victory over the New York Yankees. â€Å"It was really a happy, fun, cheering crowd,† Schweinberg said. â€Å"It was a Mardi Gras parade with no route and no floats. It wasn’t a violent affair, and it certainly wasn’t a riot.† However, the vibrant atmosphere quickly dissipated when members of the BPD, some mounted on horseback and some armed with less-lethal FN-303 launchers, took action to quell and disperse the crowd. Schweinberg, who was watching the crowd from the beams of Fenway Park’s left field wall, sustained two injuries when he was hit with pellets from the compressed air rifle. Far worse for Schweinberg, however, was witnessing fellow Emerson student and journalism major, 21-year-old Victoria Snelgrove, suffer a fatal wound to the eye shortly thereafter. â€Å"She dropped to the ground like a sack of potatoes. She started bleeding profusely out of the face,† Schweinberg said. Several hours later, Snelgrove was pronounced dead at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Her tragic death has cast a wave of criticism on the BPD’s decision to use one of the newest less-lethal technologies – a weapon the BPD had never used in a field situation– on a mostly college-aged crowd. The FN-303s were purchased by the BPD last summer for the specific purpose of controlling potential protests at the Democratic National Conven... ...joined together to form The Campaign to Ban Less-Lethal Weapons and circulate a petition with the goal of imparting a ban within the city. The petition states that: â€Å"First, these weapons must be re-classified as lethal. This is not only accurate, but it ensures that these weapons are used only in situations that would otherwise justify the use of lethal force.† Other conditions stated in the petition include independent testing for all weapons and additional training for law enforcement officials according to weapon manufacturer specifications. However, Terrill thinks there is little possibility that the FN-303 will be used by the BPD again. â€Å"In a city stung by one incident, regardless of what the science or research shows afterwards, city officials are usually very reluctant to use that weapon or permit a public policy where it would be used again.†

Health Promotion Essay

In today’s society, individuals do not recognize that every phase of their life is influenced by their health. People cannot accomplish their goals in society to their full advantage when they are unhealthy. In order to help the population improve their overall health, health promotion is essential. Health promotion and its objective will be discussed in this paper. In addition, it will further examine what our responsibilities are as nurses in the structure of health promotion. Furthermore, health promotion is separated into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, all benefitting the individual. The U.S. Public Health Service identifies health promotion as â€Å"the process of advocating health in order to enhance the probability that personal, private, and public support of positive health practices will become a societal norm† (Edelman & Mandle, 2010, p. 14). In addition to offering information to patients regarding their health, health promotion incorporates supporting patients to enhance their general well-being and recognize their individual health potential (Skybo & Polivka, 2007). Health promotion provides patients with the understanding of the different elements that can alter their health and inspires them to obtain control of it (Bennett, Perry, & Lawrence, 2009). As well as enhancing patient outcomes, health promotion assists in reducing costs, which are consistently rising in health care (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). According to Edelman & Mandel, health promotion can be used on a public level, community level, or personal level (2010). For instance, on the public level, health promotion could include granting assistance or low-income housing programs by the government. The community level might incorporate Habitat for Humanity, which is a great advantage for that particular population. Lastly, the personal level would include individuals who vote to favor programs that assist the community (Hoyle, Bartee, & Allensworth, 2010). Health promotion, a frequently used phrase, is especially critical to the nursing career. It encompasses many concepts that nurses encounter daily. Because education is crucial to succeed, nurses are an essential part in health promotion. Every day, nurses provide education to their patients. To assist them in maintaining and enhancing their well-being, nursing interventions benefit individuals by expanding their resources (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Since there are various settings in nursing, this is the ideal opportunity to educate individuals. With the help of nurses, healthy communities, homes, and schools can exist with proper education. Regardless of the specialty, all nurses need to educate patients on how to remain fit so they can live a longer, healthier life. Currently, collaboration occurs with an interdisciplinary team, which all assist in improving patients’ lives. Team members may include physicians, therapists, social workers, and dietitians. By working together to create a diverse educational background, this team helps patients overcome their illnesses or helps them manage the disease affecting their life (Bennett et al., 2009). Since health promotion is employed entirely across nursing, nurses are accountable for facilitating the best outcome for each individual patient. Health promotion includes three levels; primary, secondary and tertiary (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Primary prevention includes delivering strategies and education to help patients avoid illnesses (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). For example, when a nurse delivers an immunization to a patient, she educates them about the potential risks of the disease and how the immunization will help prevent them from contracting the disease. In addition to the community, primary education is also applied in schools as an informative tool, to educate students about harmful diseases such as those taught in sex education classes. This offers support to students, enabling them to make informed decisions about protecting their health from such diseases. Secondary prevention is the next level of health promotion. This includes timely diagnosis of an illness and immediate therapy (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). This level aids in reducing occurrences of illness and inhibiting development between patients (Bennett et al., 2009). By offering community screenings for diabetes or hypertension, nurses are applying secondary prevention. Public health screenings allow nurses to identify potential diseases at an early stage, as well as provide the patient with beneficial information to slow the progression of the illness. Lastly, the tertiary level consists of helping the patient with rehabilitation and recovery (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). This stage identifies the disease and makes the patient cognizant of their health challenges. The nurse’s role in this level is to deliver education to help reduce complications. If a patient is admitted to the hospital with a stroke, physical and occupational rehabilitation may be initiated to retain the maximum stage of function and to avoid another stroke from transpiring (Skybo & Polivka, 2007). The three levels of health promotion are utilized every day and positively assist patients with improving themselves. Nursing will continually incorporate health promotion and the prevention of illnesses. To help support the best outcome for all patients, it is essential that nurses adapt to change. Primary, secondary, and tertiary are the principle levels of health promotion in the nursing profession. These three levels will contribute to patients living longer, healthier lives. References Bennett, C., Perry, J., & Lawrence, Z. (2009). Promoting health in primary care. Nursing Standard, 23(47), 48-56. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2010367201&site=ehost-live&scope=site Edelman, C., & Mandle, C. L. (2010). Health promotions throughout the life span (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Hoyle, T., Bartee, R., & Allensworth, D. (2010). Applying the process of health promotion in schools: A commentary. Journal Of School Health, 80(4), 163-166. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00483.x. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2010582507&site=ehost-live&scope=site Skybo, T., & Polivka, B. (2007). Health promotion model for childhood violence prevention and exposure. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 16(1), 38-45. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01621.x. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login .aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2009481108&site=ehost-live&scope=site