Project Management Company

1.0Introduction. Management Consultancies are a relative easy to initiate business to set up since they are knowledge based and do not require expensive tools and specialist equipment. Forming such a company requires only a base, normal office equipment such as laptops, printers, telephones, and internet routers, and competent employees to apply their knowledge to the particular business niche. However, just because it is relatively easy to form any kind of management consultancy – while appreciating that there is a cost involved with setting up any company – it does not simply follow that because a person can, they should. Creating a company takes time, drive, and of course, finance, and should only be considered by those who are ready to do so. There are three signs that someone is ready to set up any kind of management consultancy: They have the essential background, experience, and qualifications in their field, and can consider themselves an expert. They have developed a rich network of peers, like-minded individuals, and potential clients who they can call upon to help the business grow. They have a stable financial background and have at least some knowledge of business management. With those elements in place, if a person has the will, they are likely to be able to launch and run a successful company, but there are still plenty to think about, and that is where a mentor is invaluable. 2.0 Different types of organizational structure. In setting up a new business, one of the most fundamental decisions is what kind of business it will be. There are a number of different options available, ranging from sole proprietorship, through a partnership, and onto a small corporation or even a limited company (Gov. UK, 2015).2.1 Sole Trader.This is the easiest type of company to set up and run, and allows easy accounting and tax interpretation, but can be seen as less professional than some other business types.The sole trader business gives the owner full control over business decisions and are easy to set up and run. They also give the owner full control of the profits but they are not a separate business entity, divided from the owner, and the owner is liable for any debts or liability actions mounted against the company.2.2 Partnership.A partnership is also a popular business structure among smaller companies and form when two or more individuals decide to share a business and become co-owners. A partnership is owned i n the same way as a sole trader company, but the liability is spread over the two or more people who form the partnership.2.3 Limited Company.This form of business greatly increases a company’s credibility and makes it the kind of professional entity that other business’s look to work with. The main issue with a limited company is the very formal procedures that are used to form and control them, and the need for a professional accountant to help keep on top of what can be complex spend and investment. Because a limited company is detached from those who own and run it, there is only a limited liability should it go wrong.2.4 Recommendation for a Project Management Company.Because of its professional connotations and ability to attract investment, it is suggested that the new project management company starts as a limited company, with Charles as the sole shareholder. 3.0 Management Overview.3.1 Definition of modern management.Management is fundamentally a people-orientated venture that is used to organise a team, and accomplish aims for that team and a wider company in general (Robbins and Judge 2014). However, over recent years, there has been focus on what Deming (1993) identified as the seven deadly diseases. These are: Lack of constancy of purpose Emphasis on short-term profits Evaluation by performance, merit rating, or annual review of performance Mobility of management Running a company on visible figures alone Neglecting long-range planning Relying on quality inspection rather than improving product quality Deming countered all of these by identifying a system that countered all of these failures by devising what has become known as Total Quality Management, with the intention of helping the management of better products or services, creating product uniformity, improving product testing and, ultimately, greater sales (Stoner et al, 2003). Following the reimaging of management in light of Deming’s intervention, focus has shifted from the simple organisation of people to a process of producing and maintaining an environment that allows the efficient accomplishment of predetermined and selected aims. These are achieved by managers using what have been identified as the four functions of management: Planning: Identifying the steps needed to achieve a predetermined goal. Organising: Bringing together all the resources needed to achieve the planned goals. Leading: Motivating those on the team to achieve the set goals. Controlling: Ensuring that team members stay on track through open and honest reporting from and to the team. Achieving these goals means that managers must be adept at organisation skills and have the trust of both their own team and senior management. The goal of all managers is to deliver their assigned tasks on time and to an agreed budget, while ensuring that their team members are fulfilled and with due consideration to quality of product or service. Furthermore, a good manager will enact their assigned tasks using the minimum of resources, thereby maximising profitability for the company while satisfying the customer.3.2 Leadership Styles.The effectiveness of a manager depends greatly on their style and how they interact with their team (Adeniyi, 2007). The three fundamental leadership styles are identified as: Autocratic leader. This manager type tends to instruct the team on what needs to be achieved without consultation, and expects the team to deliver as required. Democratic Leader. This manager seeks the input of the team, and discusses the way forward with them, making joint decisions as they arise. Laissez-faire Leader. The opposite of the autocratic leader, the Laissez-faire manager supplies resources but otherwise allows the team to function almost autonomously. Due to the flexible yet well-defined nature of project management, it is suggested that Charles adopt a democratic leadership style with his sub-managers, since they will have customer-set goals and only really require resources and to feedback. 4.0 Organisational Culture. Organisational culture has been likened to the personality of the business, and the overriding feature that defines how a company works and its interactions with suppliers, employees, and customers (Alversson, 2013). There are several types of organisational culture (Drafke & Murtaugh, 2009), of which the main ones are: Clan culture. These are family like and tend to focus on mentoring, nurturing, and creating a workforce that feels comfortable and works well together. Power Culture. Key to this is firm control by a few high ranking members, and tends to be found in either smaller companies or discrete sections of larger companies, since it would be difficult to run a large company with such a culture. Key elements mean that decisions can be made quickly making the culture highly reactive. Adhocracy culture. Sometimes referred to as forward looking cultures, these tend to be entrepreneurial and dynamic, and promote an air of risk taking and innovation. Companies with this culture tend to pride themselves on being market leaders and attempt to do something new ahead of possible competitors and the market in general. Role Culture. This type focusses on assigning individuals specific roles with a certain job description and does not allow much scope to step out of that role. They tend to be rigid and are renowned for being very task-focused. Cultures such as this are found in companies that specialise in high technology or businesses where roles are determined by knowledge, making it difficult or someone without specific skills to be able to step into certain roles. Market culture. The market culture companies are highly results-driven organisations that concentrate on achievement and completing the task in hand. Hierarchical Culture. These are high structured and controlled businesses that concentrate on creating an efficient company that does the right thing. They tend to be run with a well-defined management structure which feeds information down through it and accepts reporting back through the same lines. The project management company planned by Charles will start with a smaller number of employees but they will have highly specialised tasks to carry out – such as detailed project management – therefore the Role culture is likely to be the best fit for his business.Since there is only a few employees to start with, the feeding out of information can be handled via team meetings, making communications easy and fluid. Business perception relates to the way in which people – either employees, competitors, or customers – relate to a company, which can affect how they interact with that company (Schnaky, 2008). How a company is perceived may impact on how others work with the company which in turn can affect their long-term profitability and their ability to operate in the market. 5.0 Organisational Strategic Objectives. This report has outlined some of the areas that Charles, the business owner, should examine in order to establish a successful company and gives indication of the type of culture he should aim for. However, rather than simply indication certain aspects of the business, it becomes important to define particular strategic objectives for Charles to establish. It has been suggested in section 2.4 that Charles strongly consider establishing his business as a limited company, as that will give him extra credibility in the business world, and he is likely to be able to attract the right calibre of technical staff to5.1 Strategy Roadmap.Charles’ company is expected to follow a specific pathway to success, built on his company’s specialist knowledge of project management and innovative work systems. This means that the corporate strategy needs to be based on a culture of innovation and the highly-desirable skillset that his employees have. The structure of a corporate strategy built on innovation is shown in figure 1, below. Figure 1: Charles’ Corporate Strategy. With the company firmly seated in the high-skills, technology, and innovative work streams, Charles can build up a suitable processes that reflect the kind of business that thrives in highly specialist markets such as detailed project management. The second layer of the strategy is based on the fundamental processes that the company will employ every day to deliver customer excellence. These processes will encompass innovation in deliverables in which the project management element will keep abreast with the current practices in the field, and project management practitioners kept fully trained as appropriate. Operations process will dictate how the technical staff will interact with customers, while business growth will be the focus of sales and marketing processes. The goal of the sales and market department will be to grow the visibility of the company and create a customer experience that entices return custom through a positive experience in all dealings with the company. Customer feedback will further allow the company to innovate and to modify their services based on what customers actually want rather than their own perception of what customers need. By delivering the correct product and service, Charles’ company can experience substantial growth through returning customers as well as picking up new business through the correct marketing strategy and customer recommendations.5.2 Managing the Strategy.With the correct strategy in place, the management becomes easy since all members of the company understand what is required of them and departments that they deal with to streamline all operations. As already stated, it is suggested that Charles adopt a Role culture into the company so that people are aware of what they need to ach ieve within their work sphere, but are able to take direction on other tasks as necessary. This means that self-management is carried out to the greater extent, with Charles and his senior management team – which is expected to comprise himself as chairman, a Finance Director, and a Sales//Operations Director – offering overall direction for the company, leaving day to day management to area managers and individuals, empowering them to stretch goals (Vandeveer and Menefee, 2010). This will add a flexibility to the company that is attractive to potential customers, which, together with the obvious innovative ethos of the company, will help boost sales enquiries. The management system and strategy set out for this company does not have to be binding, and with future growth, it may be necessary to consider different strategies and management styles that will be more befitting the organisation as it grows. This means that Charles will need to assess the company on a regular basis to assess whether a new direction in strategy and style may be of greater benefit. 6.0 References Adeniyi, M. (2007) Effective Leadership Management. Authorhouse, Bloomington, Indiana. Alversson, M. (2013) Understanding Organizational Culture. Sage Publications, London. Deming, W. (1993) The New Economics for Industry Government, and Education. MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts. Drafke, M. and Murtaugh, J. (2009) The Human Side of Organizations. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Gov. UK (2015) Choose a legal structure for your business. [Online] Available from https://www.gov.uk/business-legal-structures/overview. [Accessed 11th December 2016]. Robbins, S. & Judge, T. (2014) Essentials of Organizational Behaviour. [Online] Available from http://bba12.weebly.com/uploads/9/4/2/8/9428277/organizational_behavior_15e_-_stephen_p_ robbins__timothy_a_judge_pdf_qwerty.pdf. [Accessed 11th December 2016]. Schnaky, K. (2008) Perceptions of Organizational Culture by Employee Level: A Case Study. [Online] Available from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.591.2797 &rep=rep1&type=pdf. [Accessed 11th December 2016]. Stoner J., Freeman R., and Gilbert, Jr. D. (2003) Management. Prentice-Hall of India, New Dheli. Vandeveer, R. & Menefee, M. (2010) Human Behavior in Organizations. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

A Term Paper on an Analysis on the Comparison

This report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction between Grahame Phone & Beanlike has been prepared to fulfill the partial requirement of ABA program. While preparing this report, I had great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of activities, especially on the research methodology . This report brings helps to develop our understanding about formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses. At first we collect 50 people's person data then find out the customer of the gap ; bankrolling. Hen we comparison of the customer satisfaction. This research improves our knowledge, skills ; ability. In ABA program on the course BUS 405 Research Methodology for Business is very important things. Students know about the research. Knowledge of research not only helps one to look at the available information In sophisticated and creative ways in the fast-paced global environment that business race but this knowledge also helps In other ways. Modern technology has made research an excellent and a relatively smooth process.Today a personal computer with a modem or any means to an internet connection places one within easy reach of knowledge of what happening in the global environment. Technology has facilitated the research process and decision making. 1. 2 Objective * To Identify the satisfaction level To Identify the average expenditure * To identify the burden level * To identify the average per minute call charge of BAL ; GAP connection to subscribers opinion * To identify ; analysis that mobile phone is playing a significant role in the economic development of Bangladesh. . 3 Methodology Methodology is very important : useful thing in a report. Methodology is a guideline system for salving a problem with specific components. Such us phases, task, Method, techniques ; tools. There are two sources of data collection: * Primary sources There are several method of collecting data : The observation method is the mostly commonly used method in studied relating to behavioral sciences. In a way we all observe things around us, but this sort observation is not is scientific observation.Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the researcher when it serves a formulated research purpose is systematically planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity band reliability. 2. Interview The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral – verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral – verbal responses. This method can be used through arsenal interviews. 3.Through questionnaires The method of collecting data by mailing the questionnaires to respondents is most extensively employed in various economic and business surveys. The merits claimed on behalf of this method are as follows: a) There is low cost even when the universe so large and is widely spread geographically b) It is free from the bias of the interviewer: answers are in respondent own words, c) Respon dents have adequate time to give well thought out answers. D) Large samples can be made use of and thus the results can be made more dependable and reliable. 4. Through the schedulesThis method of data collection is very much like the collection of data through questionnaire with little difference which lies in the fact that schedules are being filled in by the enumerators who are specially appointed for purpose. These enumerators along with schedules go to respondents put to them the questions from the Performa in the order the questions are listed and record the replies in the space meant of the same Performa. Ins certain situation schedules may be handed over the respondents and enumerators may help them in recording their answers to various questions in the said schedules.Enumerators explain the aims and objects of the investigation and also remove the difficulties which any respondent may feel in understanding the implications of a particular question or the definition of conce pt of difficult terms. 5. Discussion with the officer with the officer of BAL ; GAP * Secondary sources 1. Annual report of BAL ; GAP 2. Various document s from BAL ; GAP 3. Different websites, books 4. Internal record 1. 4 Scope . This report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction between Grahame Phone ; Beanlike. T has been prepared to fulfill the partial acquirement of ABA program. While preparing this report, I had great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of activities, especially on the research methodology . This report brings helps to develop our understanding about formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses. At first we collect 50 people's person data then find out the customer of the gap & bankrolling. Then we comparison of the customer satisfaction. This research improves our knowledge, skills & ability. Important things. 1. Limitation On the way of the report, an analysis on the comparison of customer satisfaction teen Grahame Phone & Beanlike, I f aced the following problems, which may be termed as the limitations of the study. The major limitations of this study are given as follows I. There were some restrictions to have access to the information confidential by concern people ii. Some of the people cannot share their actual information. Iii. I have no proper experience to do this kind of report. So, inexperience creates obstacle to follow the systematic and logical research methodology.Part: 2 Overview of the cellular phone Industry 2. 1 history of the industry Grahame phone: Gramophone, widely known as GAP, is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 32 million subscribers (as of June 2011) Gramophone is the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a Joint venture enterprise between Telethon and Grahame Telecoms Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed micromanage organization and community development bank Grahame Bank. Telethon, the largest tel ecommunications company in Norway, owns 55. % shares of Gramophone, Grahame Telecoms owns 34. 2% and the remaining 10% is publicly held. Gramophone was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Stay Close, stated goal of Gramophone is to provide affordable telephony to the entire population of Bangladesh. The idea of providing universal mobile phone access throughout Bangladesh, including its rural areas, was originally conceived by Cabal Quadric, who is currently the founder and director of telegram Center for Development and Entrepreneurship at MIT.He was inspired by the Grahame Bank microcircuit model and envisioned a business model where a cell phone can revere as a source of income. After leaving his Job as an investment banker in the United States, Quadric traveled back to Bangladesh, after meeting and successfully raising money from New York based investor and phil anthropist Joshua Mailman, and worked for three years gaining support from various organizations including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Muhammad Yuan's of Grahame Bank and the Norwegian telephone company, Telephone was finally successful in forming a consortium with Telethon and Grahame Bank to establish Gramophone.Quadric remained a shareholder of Gramophone until 2004. Gramophone received license for cellular phone operation in Bangladesh from the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on November 28, 1996. Gramophone started operations on offered a mobile-to-mobile connectivity (widely known as GAP-GAP connection), which created a lot of enthusiasm among the users. It became the first operator to reach the million subscriber milestone as well as ten million subscriber milestone in Bangladesh. November 28, 1996: Gramophone Ltd. Received cellular license by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Bangladesh.March 26, 1997: Gramophone launched its service on the Independence Day of Bangladesh. June 1998: Gramophone started its services in Chitchatting, the second largest city and the port city of Bangladesh. Cell to cell coverage between Dacha-Chitchatting was established. 1999: Gramophone started its service in Chula, the industrial city of Bangladesh. Also cell to cell coverage between Dacha and Chula brought a number of other districts under coverage. 2000: Gramophone started its services in Rajahs, the education city of Bangladesh.Service also started in Sylphs and Barista and thus all six divisional headquarters got the cellular network coverage for the first time Bangladesh. August 2003: Gramophone's subscribes base has become more than one million. Gramophone became the first operator in the country to reach the million subscribers. November 2005: Gramophone registered more than 5 million subscribers. November 5, 2006: Gramophone crosses the 10 million subscriber mark after almost ten years of operation. September 20, 2007: Gramophone reaches 15 million subscribers mark.June 2008: Gramophone reaches 20 million subscribers landmark. On the November 16, 2006 GAP formally changed its logo to match its parent company Telethon's logo. According o GAP the new logo symbolizes trust, reliability, quality and constant progress. The name Gramophone was kept as part of the new identity because the name Gramophone carries with it all of the heritage, success and values of the company's past, added the then CEO of Gramophone Erik As. Bankrolling: Bankrolling is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after Gramophone.As of November, 2009, Bankrolling has a subscriber base of 12. 99 million. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rococo Telecoms. Bankrolling had 1. 03 million connections until December, 2005. The number of Bankrolling users increased by 257 per cent and stood at 3. 64 million at the end of 2006, making it the fastest growing operator in the world of that year. In August, 2006, Bankrolling became the first company to provide free incoming calls from BUTT for both postpaid and prepaid connections. On August 20, 2008, Bankrolling got past the landmark of 10 million subscriber base.Sheep Telecoms(Pat Ltd)-after talking lots- finally was granted license in 1989 to operate in the rural areas of 199 piazzas. Later it obtained GSM license in 1996 to extend its business to cellular mobile, radio telephone services. It launched operation in the last quarter of 1997 as a Bangladesh-Malaysia Joint venture. In July, 2004, it was reported that Egypt based Rococo Telecoms is set to purchase the Malaysian stakes in Sheep Telecoms through a hush-hush deal, as Sheep had failed to tap the business potentials in Bangladesh mainly due to a chronic feud between its Malaysian and Bangladesh partners.An agreement was reached with Rococo worth IIS$25 million was finalized in secret. The pact has been kept secret for legal reasons, considering dealing was the Joint venture agreement between the Bangladesh an d the Malaysian ratters, which dictates that if any party sells its Sheep shares, the other party will enjoy the first right to buy that. Integrated Services Ltd. (SSL), the Bangladesh partner, was being ‘officially shown as purchasing the shares held by Technology Resources Industries URI) of Malaysia for $15 million.SSL then paid another $10 million to Standard Chartered Bank to settle Saba's liabilities. In September, 2004, Rococo Telecoms Holdings purchased 100% of the shares of Sheep Telecoms (Pat. ) Limited (â€Å"Sheep†). It was acquired for IIS$60 million. Sheep had a base of 59,000 users, of whom 49,000 were regular when it was sold. Afterward it was re-branded and launched its services under the â€Å"Bankrolling† brand on February 10, 2005. Bankrolling;s license is a nationwide 15-year GSM license and will expire in November, 2011. In March, 2008, Sheep Telecoms (Pat. Limited changed its name as Rococo Telecoms Bangladesh Limited, matching its parent c ompany name 2. 2 mission & vision of the companies Mission & vision of GAP: The gramophone Ltd aims at providing reliable, widespread, convenient mobile and cast effective telephone services to the people in Bangladesh irrespective of where they live. Such services will also help Bangladesh keep pace with other entries including those in south Africa region and reduce her existing disparity in telecoms services between urban & rural area. To be leading provider of telecommunication services with satisfied customers and share holder and enthusiastic employees. † Mission & vision of BAL: Bankrolling aims to understand peoples' needs best and develop appropriate communication services to improve peoples' life and make it simple. All our work is aimed towards meeting our vision. All members of the bankrolling family are highly passionate individuals, fully committed to achieving the vision that we have set ourselves. Our customers' needs matter most to us- making their life simple and improving it is all we want.To ensure our vision is achieved, we have set ourselves a few values, we want to be: Straight Forward, Reliable, Innovative, Passionate. All the bankrolling family members have one thing in common- a passion to serve. We want to go that extra mile, so that you can have the best possible service. Limiting in the future of Bangladesh. 2. 3 Market invention Market invention of GAP: According to Gramophone, it has so far invested more than BAT 10,700 core (USED 1. 6 billion) to build the network infrastructure since 1997.It has invested over BAT 3,100 core (USED 450 million) during the first three quarters of 2007 while BAT 2,100 core (USED 310 million) was invested in 2006 alone. Gramophone has built the largest cellular network in the country with over 10,000 base stations in more than 5700 locations. Presently, nearly 98 percent of the country's population is within the coverage area of the Gramophone network. The entire Gramophone network is also EDG E/GAPS enabled, allowing access to dial-up quality speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. There are currently nearly 3 millionEDGE/GAPS users in the Gramophone network. Market invention of bal: Bankrolling offers a wide range of products and services to suit the needs of the dedicated enterprise relationship manager who provides them with personalized customer care round the clock. Other benefits of enterprise include customized packages with attractive call charges and connection price, enterprise SMS broadcast, enterprise short code, international roaming, missed call alerts, free voice mail retrieval, fax and data service, call conferencing, special offer for family members and many more. It was first launched in December, 2006.The current packages are: * enterprise corporate; targeted at the corporate segment * enterprise SEEM; targeted at the SEEM segment * enterprise personal Prior to the launch of Bankrolling enterprise, Bankrolling served th e business clientele through a similar platform named Bankrolling professional. 2. 4: Products Description: Gramophone was the first operator to introduce the pre-paid mobile phone service in Bangladesh in September 1999. It offers the pre-paid subscription under the name Easy Prepaid which is currently called â€Å"shoji ,Bond ,Upon, smile, sponsor, Business Solution prepaid†.Besides shoji, Bond, Upon, smile, sponsor, Business Solution, Gramophone also offers a youth based mobile to mobile connectivity within Bangladesh named deduce. Gramophone also offers postpaid mobile service. Explore Postpaid is the name of its post paid service. Internet: Gramophone provides internet service in its coverage area. As it has EDGE/GAPS enabled network, any subscriber can access to internet through this network. Gramophone was the first mobile operator in Bangladesh to offer EDGE services to its subscribers. Bill Pay: A service to enable users to pay their utility bills Electricity/Gas thr ough mobile.Cell Bazaar : Services to enable users sell or buy products through mobile or internet. Various other services like Stock Information, Instant Messaging, SMS Based Alerts/ Services, Voice-based Services, Downloads, Music, Cricket Updates, Web SMS, Mobile Backup etc. Bankrolling currently offers two prepaid plans. All the prepaid plans come in two phases-?Standard and MM. All connections provide GAPS to subscribers. Des, with the slogan Eek Des Eek Rate! (means one country one rate! ), is one of the cheapest prepaid plans in the country by tariff. Users of Des can call any mobile operator at 0. Take during 12 AM to 5 PM. It also has three Fan numbers. Des was launched on September 14, 2006. Des rang is launched as a brand extension to enrich the brand of Des. Rang is a Bengali word which means color. It is introduced with the catch phrase-?Ranging Din Pan Jawbone (misdemeanors your life. ). This package is beneficial for customers who mainly make calls to their own networ k and are heavy SMS users. It offers four on-net Fan numbers, but no off-net Fan number. Regular prepaid was the first package Bankrolling had to offer. It is currently unavailable in the market. Ladies, first! Tit the slogan Shampooer Network (means network of relationships), was tailored for women. It was launched on September 3, 2005. It had introduced 1 second pulse for the first time in the prepaid market. It offered four Fan numbers. It is currently unavailable in the market. Be linked! Was launched on November 16, 2005. It was later taken over by Des package as all thebe linked! Customers were automatically migrated to Des. Currently there are three postpaid plans from which is a subset of much larger Bankrolling enterprise. All packages come with T&T local, NOD KIDS and e-KIDS connectivity.Part: 3 Research Methodologies . 1 Review of literature * To demonstrate a familiarly with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. * To know the path of prior research and how a cur rent research project link to it. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. * To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. * Identification of variables. * Helps in developing theoretical framework. 3. 2 Determining Variables Simply defined, variable is a concept that varies. The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different object or persons. There are two types of concepts.These are: Concept refers to a fixed phenomenon * Concepts that those varies in quantity, Intensity or amount The 2nd type of concept and measure of concept are variable. Because variable represents a quality that can exhibit difference in value, usually magnitude or strength, it may be said that a variable generally is anything that may assume different numerical or categorical values. For example: * Gender(male, female) * Marital status (Married, Unmarried ,widowed ,Divorced) * Family income * Attitude toward women empowerment(highly favorable-h ighly unfavorable) There are several types of Variables.There are: Dependent Variable * Independent Variable * Continuous Variable * Discontinuous Variable * Moderating Variable * Intervening Variables * Extraneous Variables * Relationship Among Variables 3. 3 Constructing theoretical framework The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based. It I logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations among the variable deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, Observation and literature survey. Experience and intuition also guide in developing the theoretical framework.The components of the theoretical framework: 1 . The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions 2. The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another This should be dome for the important direction of the relationships c an be theorized on the basis of the finding s of previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative. 4. There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist.

Reading Response 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Response 1 - Essay Example not only aimed at spreading the gospel, but had the interest of taking the land of the local people with the pretense they were teaching the people how to use land and the new gospel. The result was grievous execution and torture of the locals who refused to embrace the new teachings and were unwelcoming to strangers. Instead of preaching a gospel of peace, Christians perpetrated mass execution of the locals torturing them by burning them alive and dismembering their bodies, among other atrocities. Children and women bore the wrath of the Christians whose gospel was opposite of their actions. In the name of the gospel, a large population of the Indies people was eliminated, the rest were taken as slaves to work for the benefit of the same Christians, who continued to gather wealth while the locals struggled to suffer in poverty. The locals were denied food despite working in extreme conditions to enrich the missionaries in their own land and using their own blood and resources (Casas 34). The main aim behind the colonialists’ atrocities in the Indies was to weaken the resistance of the locals. There was a thin line between spreading the gospel in Christianity in such Asian regions and exploring the land for resources to enrich the colonialists’ mother countries. Most of the early missionaries turned to be political elements who explored new lands and resources for their mother countries, and the Indies was not an exceptional. The locals were harsh and unwelcome to the colonialists, as a response, the colonialists had to use cruel methods to deter any resistance from the locals and to weaken the resistance of the people towards receiving new instructions. Women and children were easier to deal with, which explains the mass execution of males; moreover, as political figures, the missionaries had to use cheap labor to attain maximum benefits from exploiting resources in the Indies, which degenerated into slave trade. One of the greatest impacts of colonialism

Lab report about prism spectrometer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About prism spectrometer - Lab Report Example Those colors emanated from the, white, Hydrogen and Mercury light sources. The main objective of carrying out this study on prisms is to learn the aspects of prism spectrometer theory so as to enhance the ability of explaining the practicability of its components. This was mainly achieved through observation of the mercury spectrum discharge lamp while taking subsequent angle of deviation records regarding the spectral lines. This hence creates the capability of determining the refraction index of the given glass prism for a number of wavelengths. It also gives insights on how to utilize the calibrated prism for the ultimate measurement of unknown wavelengths. Finally, it enables one to make a general observation regarding color sensation that is caused by the prevailing light of specific wavelengths. The main tool that is used in this lab experiment is the spectroscope. This is an instrument that is used for production an ultimate viewing of spectra. It is often comprised of three main parts that includes; a collimator for production of parallel light beams, a prism that is majorly responsible for light dispersion towards the spectrum, and the telescope that is ultimately meant for spectrum examination (GutieÃŒ rrez-Vega, Julio et.at, 2007). When there is transmission of light beam from air to the glass, the bending of the ray occurs with accordance to the Snells law. Therefore this can be summarized by an equation that is stated as sin q air = n sin q glass; whereby the subsequent measurement of subsequent angles is done on the normal surface in which n refers to the refraction index of the entire glass. The refraction index is hence a dimension-less value and is simply a clear measurement of the intensity in which the medium can bend light. The increase in the size of n is directly proportional to the increased bending of light. The usual refractive index of air is always 1. For a glass, n often varies from the value of between 1.3 and 1.8,

Self reflection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self reflection - Term Paper Example In the course of the work of the group, there are things that went well and served as our strengths. There are also things that did not go so well and affected our decision-making pitfalls. The interactions with group members also brought about a lot of lessons that have been learned and skills that have been acquired. The reflection makes all these strengths, weaknesses, skills gained, and the approach for future practice known. A major strength of the group work was our approach to work. This is because as group we believed in the power of team spirit and so did everything in a consultative manner. As part of the consultative approach, everyone contributed with their ideas and these ideas were always brainstormed among the larger group to identify the most applicable and feasible ones for implementation. In effect, everything that came out as the final product was a representation of the group’s collective idea rather than the imposition of the views of a few people. This approach ensured that things went well and that things were very smooth and easy for us. Another thing was that there was equal division of the group’s work so that each person would become an active member of the group since passiveness limits the growth of teamwork (Freire 32). Even more, there was high level of efficiency as group members ensured that we avoided long meetings but rather use the little times we had product ively. As much as there were strengths, there were some weaknesses that the group faced. As indicated earlier, decision making was done at the group level through brainstorming activities, where everyone’s contributed counted. There were however some decision-making pitfalls and traps that we faced. For example the boldness to implement group decisions was always a challenge. As a result of this, it was common that we would out away our decision making to later dates in

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Human Rights - Essay Example The first and foremost challenge that the United Nation faced in its attempt to promote human right in a global context is the controversy within its approach to the concept of human right and freedom (Wright, 2001: 59). The perpetual debate on the universality of human right apparently overshadowed its achievements to a great extent. The oriental scholars and political authorities often are often found to criticize the provisions of the UN Charter of human rights considering that these provisions are completely â€Å"devoid of any legal commitment† (Flinterman and Gutter, n.d: 1). But the view of human right that is conveyed in the UN Declaration of Right has also been defended on the point that the provisions of the UN Charter were not the mere propositions of a European mind, as Hersch Lauterpacht (1950: 147) asserts, "These provisions are no mere embellishment of a historic document†¦.They were adopted, with deliberation and after prolonged discussion before and durin g the San Francisco Conference, as part of the philosophy of the new international system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Indeed the trend for the promotion of human right lies in the founding premises of the organization. It was widely assessed by the scholars that the seed of the Second World War was found to be in the core of the massive violation of human rights by Adolf Hitler in Europe. Also the establishment of this organization was geared up by the realization that the failure of the previous, League of Nation, to prevent human right violation is to be held responsible for the initiation of the destructive war (Baehr et al, 1999: 67-88). Necessarily it does not mean that the League of Nation was totally indifferent to the issues of human right. But a close review of the stance of the League of Nations makes reveals the fact that its dealing with the concept of human rights was not multi-faceted enough to prevent oppressions of the mightier. It rather adopted a narrow and

Article review(Replanting the Brain's Forest. ) Essay

Article review(Replanting the Brain's Forest. ) - Essay Example The processes of replacing the cells otherwise believed before by scientists to have been gone forever breathe life into a new field of scientific research. The 1990s was a pivotal point in stem cell research when neuroscientists delved on a more sophisticated application of the procedure. By grafting fetal brain tissue directly to the diseased brain, the experiment hoped to substitute the dead neurons with the new artificial ones. The results, however, were disappointing. The article then goes on to elaborate the new take of scientists to improve on the process by growing neurons in the laboratory and then injecting them directly to the person’s brain. This, the author again underlines, may not be used as a conventional therapy within the next two decades as believed by many experts (Jabr para. 2). Stem cell therapy has a wide range that is not only limited to the brain. In order to delineate the scope of the article, its application to the treatment of neurodegenerative dise ases such as traumatic brain injuries, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease were the main concentration of the article. Parkinson’s disease published the most significant results. ... The distance became the main problem in this research and to address this problem, subsequent researchers grafted directly to the striatum which yielded better results. The same experiment was conducted with monkeys and the same progress in motor functions was seen with normative dopamine levels than before. This is believed by to be attributable to inherent growth factors in the striatum (Jabr para 4-5). Research in Sweden in the 1990s propelled further research as adopted in the United States and funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). They implemented two focus groups on the trials, with one receiving transplant and another undergoing a sham surgery. Similar to the previous experiments, the results were disappointing as there was no significant development in both groups. Unsurprisingly, there are differences of opinion on the failure of the experiments. Andres Bjorklund argues that this is because the researchers set unreasonably high expectations at an inconsiderably short amount of time. In fact, in a follow up study it has been found that some patients who had received grafted cells had progressed two years and four years after the NIH conducted study (Jabr para 6-7). The future seems to be hopeful in stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Lorenz Studer is providing new benchmark by developing a standardized way of transferring fetal tissue through closely monitoring the growth if neurons in the laboratory. Trial is expected to be conducted to humans within the next three to four years (Jabr para. 8). This is seen to be the future for Parkinson’s and if the results will prove to be considerably

LEADERSHIP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEADERSHIP - Case Study Example He came up with strategies to bring change in the organization without analysing what the existing culture of the organization is and it has been the major reason for failure. Harold was ineffective as a change agent and as a social architect for HTE. There are different reasons for him for considering him ineffective and the most important reasons include that he did not understand the organizational culture of HTE and implemented things without knowing what has been prevailing at HTE for years. If Harold has another chance to become the President of HTE, then it is important for him to first understand the organizational culture and how the work is performed at the company and then come up with strategies and recommendations. Also he needs to communicate the reasons for bringing change to make the change successful. Making strategies can be ineffective if it does not match with the organizational culture. Also vision is important for the company, however the execution is as important and therefore he should have planned things both in short term and in long term rather than targeting long term objectives only. Dr. Cook is a good example of transformational leadership. There are different characteristics found in how he manages the team that can be compared to transformational leader. Behaviours of a transformational leader are found in the leadership style of Dr. Cook as he sets his example as a role model that influences others. He articulated goals to make the tour a success, communicated high expectations and encouraged two-way communication that lead to high morale and increase in confidence, and all these behaviours resulted in achievement of goals of each and every individual. The leadership style of Dr. Cook can be considered as highly effective with respect to full range of Leadership Model. Highly effective leader would include the 4

The Struggle for Civil Liberties and Social Justice Essay

The Struggle for Civil Liberties and Social Justice - Essay Example The name of Martin Luther King is synonymous with the Black civil rights movement. The quintessential element of King's quest for civil rights was its allegiance to non-violence and its respect for human rights (D'Angelo 2000). That is why, even today, Martin Luther King is considered a human rights icon. Through his zealous and immaculately polished oratorical skills, King tried his best to sensitize the American masses to the universal quest for human respect and dignity. What King intended to do was to hit hard against racial discrimination and social injustice. However, this essentially peaceful and non-violent champion of civil rights was brutally assassinated in 1968. Malcolm X's commitment to black pride and social justice had its origins in the racial harassment that he and his family had to bear with in his growing up years. Being a smart and brilliant student, he soon realized that though violence was certainly not the right strategy to combat racial injustice, yet it was important to be ardently vociferous in one's struggle for social justice (D'Angelo 2000). Hence, he became an active member and spokesperson of the Nation of Islam. However, this non-violent but fiery crusader for social justice had to meet a tragic death because of his moral opposition to the Nation of Islam leader Elijah Mohammad.One another prominent name in the universal struggle for civil rights and social justice is Chico Mendes. Chico was a regular Brazilian rubber tapper who also happened to be an avid environmental activist and a guardian of the rights of native rubber tappers. Chico's struggle for saving environment eventually metamorphosed into a fight to save the Brazilian rainforests and in turn to save the future of humanity. Tragically, this peaceful adherent of social justice was violently silenced by his more radical opponents. Rosa Parks also known as the mother of Modern Civil Rights Movement was an African American civil rights activist (D'Angelo 2000). Parks' gestures of blatant defiance to the festering symbols of racial injustice bestowed on her an iconic status. Courtesy her jest for social justice, she received many national and international honors and accolades. The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo was a group of Argentinean mothers and concerned citizens who peacefully and non-violently protested against the disappearance of many children and youngsters during the military dictatorship that lasted roughly seven years. Several members of this group were abducted and assassinated.Hence, the one thing common to all the above-mentioned civil rights movements and activists is that they were predominantly non-violent and their peaceful struggle enabled them to win a conclusive and lasting victory over their more violent adversaries.References D'Angelo, Raymond. The American Civil Rights Mov

Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Curriculum - Essay Example Mark Smith (1996) is one of the theorists who studied various definitions of curriculum as described by many educationalists. He described curriculum in a range of approaches. One of them is linked to syllabus or a body of knowledge to be transmitted to the students. Smith also stressed that curriculum is a set of objectives, where there is a drawn-up plan to apply intended objectives with a measurable outcome. Another alternative definition is that curriculum is a student’s total experience. It comprises teachers’ and students’ communication and relationships between them. Smith also recommends that curriculum is one’s ability to apply theory to practice. Language Arts is one essential subject area that hones communication skills of students. Being knowledgeable in literature, grammar and writing is one important goal for them that will greatly benefit them in their growth and development. This paper will compare 7th Grade Language Arts curriculum guides of three district schools in New Jersey, namely the Hillside, Union and Orange Public Schools. The comparison will only be based on the guides acquired from these schools and not from how their curriculums are implemented. Of the three schools, Hillside Public School provided the most comprehensive curriculum guide. Next was the Orange School which also provided a clear outline indicating the goals of the Language Arts program and how its assessment strategies. Union School provided the least comprehensive guide, with just the use of cue words in enumerating its curriculum content and suggested activities. Demographics The district of Union had the biggest population at 62,629 followed by Orange at 31,165 and Hillside at 21,229. Of these populations, Hillside had the highest number of children of school age (5-17 years) at 18.27%, closely followed by Union at 16.01 % and Orange at 15.29%. Union had the highest number of Caucasians at 71.15%. Hillside had 30.64% and Orange had the lo west number at 9.72%. Its majority is the Black population at 72.96%. Hillside has 53.3% share of the Black population and Union had the least number at 4.95%. Hillside had the highest population of Hispanics at 79.60%. Orange only had 19.73% followed by Hillside at 17.86%. Hillside had the most number of literate people with 83% high school graduates followed by Orange at 77.1%. Union had 64.4% high school graduates. With college graduates, Hillside has the highest number again having 23.2% graduates, followed by Union at 17.3% and Orange at 16.6%. Union had 49.54% of its people speaking one other language other than English. Hillside and Orange are closely tied at 19.04% and 19.85% respectively. In terms of family income, Hillside had the highest median family income at an average of $73,816.00. Orange follows at $48,873.00 and Union at $41,988.00. Consistently, Hillside had the lowest poverty at only 9.6%. Orange has 16.5% and Union had the highest poverty at 19.6%. (New Jersey S chool District Demographic Characteristics, 2013). Curriculum structure (Understanding by Design vs. Pacing guide) One of the widely adopted curriculum design is the ‘Understanding by Design’ Planning Framework (UbD) by Wiggins, Grant and McTighe (1998). This is also known as the Backward Design Model wherein the teacher starts with the end, the desired results, and then derives the curriculum from the evidence of learning called for by the expectations and the teaching needed to equip students to

Good will definition Essay Example for Free

Good will definition Essay An account that can be found in the assets portion of a companys balance sheet. Goodwill can often arise when one company is purchased by another company. In an acquisition, the amount paid for the company over book value usually accounts for the target firms intangible assets. Goodwill is seen as an intangible asset on the balance sheet because it is not a physical asset like buildings or equipment. Goodwill typically reflects the value of intangible assets such as a strong brand name, good customer relations, good employee relations and any patents or proprietary technology. Method: There are three methods of valuation of goodwill of the firm; 1. Average Profits Method 2. Super Profits Method 3. Capitalisation Method 1. Average Profits Method: This method of goodwill valuation takes the average profit of previous years as its basis. This average profit is multiplied by the number of purchases made in that year. Goodwill = Average Profit x Number of Purchases in the year Before calculating the average profits the following adjustments should be made in the profits of the firm: a. Any abnormal profits should be deducted from the net profits of that year. b. Any abnormal loss should be added back to the net profits of that year. c. Non-operating incomes eg. Income from investments etc should be deducted from the net profits of that year. Example: An Ltd agreed to buy the business of B Ltd. For that purpose Goodwill is to be valued at three years purchase of Average Profits of last five years. The profits of B Ltd. for the last five years are: Year| Profit/Loss ($)| 2005 | 10,000,000| 2006| 12,250,000| 2007| 7,450,000| 2008| 2,450,000 (Loss)| 2009| 12,400,000| Following additional information is available: 1. In the year 2008 the company suffered a loss of $1,000,500 due to fire in the factory. 2. In the year 2009 the company earned an income from investments outside the business $ 4,500,250. Solution: Total profits earned in the past five years= 10,000,000 + 12,250,000 + 7,450,000 2,450,000 + 12,400,000 = $ 39,650,000 Total Profits after adjustments = $ 39,650,000 + $ 1,000,500 $ 4,500,250=$ 36,150,250 Average Profits= $ 36,150,250à ·5=$ 7,230,050 Goodwill = $ 7,230,050Ãâ€"3=$ 21,690,150 Thus A Ltd would pay $ 21,690,150 as the price of Goodwill earned by B Ltd. 2. Super profits method: Super profit refers to a situation where in the actual profit is higher than what is expected. Under this method, Goodwill = super profit x number of years’ purchase Steps for calculating Goodwill under this method are given below: i) Normal Profits = Capital Invested X Normal rate of return/100 ii) Super Profits = Actual Profits Normal Profits iii) Goodwill = Super Profits x No. of years purchased For example, the capital employed as shown by the books of ABC Ltd is $ 50,000,000. And the normal rate of return is 10 %. Goodwill is to be calculated on the basis of 3 years purchase of super profits of the last four years. Profits for the last four years are: Year| Profit/Loss ($)| 2005 | 10,000,000| 2006| 12,250,000| 2007| 7,450,000| 2008| 5,400,000| Total profits for the last four years = 10,000,000 + 12,250,000 + 7,450,000 + 5,400,000 = $35,100,000 Average Profits = 35,100,000 / 4 = $ 8,775,000 Normal Profits = 50,000,000 X 10/100 = $ 5,000,000 Super Profits = Average/ Actual Profits − Normal Profits = 8,775,000 − 5,000,000 = $ 3,775,000 Goodwill = 3,775,000 Ãâ€" 3 = $ 11,325,000 3. Capitalisation Method: There are two ways of calculating Goodwill under this method: (i) Capitalisation of Average Profits Method (ii) Capitalisation of Super Profits Method (i) Capitalisation of Average Profits Method: As per this method, Goodwill = Capitalized Value the firm Net Assets Capitalized Value of the firm = Average Profit x 100/ Normal Rate of Return Net Assets = Total Assets External Liabilities For example a firm earns $40,000 as its average profits. The normal rate of rteturn is 10%. Total assets of the firm are $1,000,000 and its total external liabilities are $ 500,000. To calculate the amount of goodwill: Total capitalized value of the firm = 40,000 Ãâ€" 100/10 = 400,000 Capital Employed = 1,000,000 − 500,000 = 500,000 Goodwill = 500,000 − 400,000 = 100,000 (ii)Capitalisation of Super Profits: Under this method, goodwill is calculated as: Goodwill = Super Profit x 100/Normal Rate of Return For example ABC Ltd earns a profit of $ 50,000 by employing a capital of $ 200,000, The normal rate of return of a firm is 20%. To calculate Goodwill: Normal Profits = 200,000 Ãâ€" 20/100 =$ 40,000 Super profits = 50,000 − 40,000 = $10,000 Goodwill = 10,000 Ãâ€" 100 / 20 = $50,000 Partial Goodwill Method In the partial goodwill method, goodwill is calculated as the difference between the purchase consideration paid and the acquirers share of the fair value of the net identifiable assets. In partial goodwill method, only the acquirers share of the goodwill is recognized. Goodwill under full goodwill method exceeds goodwill under partial goodwill method by the non-controlling interest share of the goodwill. Partial goodwill method is not allowed under US GAAP but it is allowed as an option under IFRS (besides the full goodwill method). Goodwill under partial goodwill method differs from goodwill under full goodwill method only in situations in which investment by the acquirer is less than 100%. Example Lets follow the same example that we discussed in full goodwill method. Company A acquired 75% shareholding in Company B for $20 million. Book value of net identifiable assets of Company B is $14 million. The fair value of Company Bs asset is the same as their book value except accounts receivables which are impaired by $1 million. Book value of assets is $54 million while book value of liabilities is $40 million. The purchase consideration is the cash paid to acquire 75% ownership and it equals $20 million. Fair value of net identifiable assets is $13 million ($54 million book value minus $1 million on account if impairment in accounts receivable minus liabilities of $40 million). The acquirers share of the net identifiable assets equals 75% of $13 million which equals $9.75 million. Goodwill is hence $20 million minus $9.75 which equals $10.25 million. Company A will pass the following journal entry to record the business combination. Goodwill| $10.25 M| | Assets| $53 M| | Liabilities| | $40 M| Cash| | $20 M| Non-Controlling Interest| | $3.25 M| Non-controlling interest is calculated as 25% of fair value of net identifiable assets. It equals $3.25 ($13 million multiplied by 0.25). It can also be arrived at the balancing figure: (goodwill under full goodwill method + assets acquired − liabilities assumed − cash paid). Total goodwill under full goodwill method was $13.67 and non-controlling interest was $6.67 million. The difference is non-controlling interest in case of partial goodwill is only because in partial goodwill method the non-controlling interest share of goodwill is not recorded which equals $3.42 million (0.25 of ($26.67 minus $13 million)). Weighted average profit method This method of goodwill evaluation can be explained as a modified side of the he average profit method. This method involves the relevant number of weights, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4 multiples profit of each year so as to find out value product. The total of products is thereafter divided by the total of weights so as to calculate the weighted average profits. Goodwill = Weighted Average Profits x No. of years Purchase Weighted Average Profit = Total of Products of Profits/ Total of Weights EXAMPLE The profit of X Ltd. for the last five years and the corresponding weights are as follows. Calculate the value of goodwill on the basis of 3 years’ purchase of the weighted average profit. Solution: Weighted Average Profit = Rs. 21, 30,000 à · 15 = Rs. 1, 42,000. Value of Goodwill = 3 years’ purchase of weighted average profit: Rs. 1, 42,000 x 3 = Rs. 4, 26,000

Modern society and causes of social change

Modern society and causes of social change If the human balance of nature is essentially a matter of matching persons with activities, anything that disturbs that balance leads to social change- (Bryant Peck, 2007; 449) In a continuously developing world particularly with reference to the current global ideal of what we now call a modernised society, the concept of social change may be identified as the influence perpetuating the pandemic. Social change in this instance is described as the adjustment in the basic structures of a social group or society (Giddens, 2006). According to Giddens (2006) social change is an ever-present phenomenon in social life, but has become especially intense in the modern era due to efforts to restore social balance. Hence, the outcomes of these efforts of social change may be reflected in a positive or negative light. In essence if social change is the perpetuating factor of a developing society, then the trigger of its influence must come from some sort of threatening social event. These events may vary in form. Natural disasters are thus recognised as not only an environmental, yet a societal event as well that poses a threat for social change, arising from the soci al consequences that they bring about. This essay will therefore aim to discuss the impact of social change on the environment and describe the social consequences of natural disasters, with reference to case studies to provide evidence. The onset of social change as mentioned above is triggered by social events. Subsequently those socially threatening events are triggered by the victims themselves. In this case human beings are not only the victims yet also the perpetrators of critical social events which predispose social change. There are many elements and dimensions that need to be considered when addressing the intricate concept of social change. The first is that social change has consistent characteristics (Macionis, 1996). In this sense according to Macionis (1996) the first characteristic is that social change happens everywhere, though differs from place to place. For example the United States would experience faster change due to its advanced technology in comparison to a third world country that does not have these advances. Another characteristic is that social change is sometimes intentional but often unplanned (Macionis, 1996). In this context one would draw attention to technological developments and the levels of advantages and disadvantages. For example in the transportation industry, the invention of the airplane was developed in order to increase trade and speed travel. Though, when it was developed it was probably not realised how this invention would affect societies and families in the future. Accordingly, we now suffer with the devastating consequences of global warming of which the advances in transportation have contributed. In addition social change also generates controversy (Macionis, 1996). In this case the conflict theory is reflected whereby social change emerges due to conflict amongst race, class, religion etc. Karl Marx in particular believed that class conflict sparked change and the conflict theory draws on the works of his communism approach reflected in his perspective of the class system. Lastly, some social changes matter more than others do (Macionis, 1996). For example the invention of computers was more important than the invention of cabbage patch dolls (Macionis, 1996). The causes of social change arise in cultural, conflict, political, economic, environmental and ideational contexts. Yet, combined the causes form the globalisation pandemic. Globalisation may be describe as the process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the worlds markets and businesses (DFAIT, 2002). The ever-increasing interdependencies among nations in resource exploitation, production (including out-sourcing) and marketing and the need to remove obstructions to this interdependency are driving forces behind the rush for globalisation (Rahman, 2002). These interdependencies cause a need to develop and, in marketing terms, this need becomes a demand thus as the demand increases so does the production. Consequently as the production increases the advances in the particular products increase to ensure better quality and so the process continues. This has continued to the point where we now have genetically modified foods to feed a growing population and the process of cloning. It is these particular advances that are now the reasons for many of the environmental problems that have occurred recently. Hence, the point made on the notion that social change forms part of a cycle. According to (Rahman, 2002) these global forces have produced rapid social change which is often marked by more inter and intra-regional disparity, environmental and ecological crisis, social disintegration, conflict and violence. Local population growth and natural disasters further aggravate the magnitude of human hardship (Rahman, 2002). This hardship occurs due to the use and limited availability of the resources which is usually used to generate the products that globalization exploits. These hardships arise because humans, like all organisms on Earth, interact with both the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in their environment (Richmond, 2002). This interaction has devastating effects on the environment. As Richmond (2002) explains, environmental degradation happens when a potentially renewable resource (one of the biotic or abiotic factors humans need and use such as soil, grassland, forest, wildlife or fuel) is extracted at a rate faster than the resource can be replaced, and thus becomes depleted. According to Richmond (2002) if the rate of use of the resource remains high, the resource can become non-renewable on a human time scale or even become non-existent. Evidence occurring throughout the twentieth century shows that agriculturally productive land has been extensively modified to make it even more productive (Richmond, 2002). This includes the widespread use during the twentieth century of chemical fertilizers (often produced from oil) pesticides, and extensive irrigation (Richmond, 2002). As Richmond (2002) emphasises to supply the needs of extensive irrigation, surface water has been diverted and many wells have been drilled seeking more subsurface water. At the same time that industrial agriculture was growing, agriculturally productive land was being lost to urban development and industry (Richmond, 2002). In the twenty first century, competition for remaining land and water resources is expected to continue to increase (Richmond, 2002). These particular problems are contributory causes of globalisation and can lead to natural hazards. Natural hazards, which is defined as a threat of a dangerous magnitude of a natural process, have the potential to cause a number of primary and secondary phenomena (Chen, 2005). According to Chen (2005) primary phenomena are the natural hazards themselves this includes tropical cyclones, floods, storms, droughts and earthquakes. The secondary phenomena comprises of the vulnerabilities of the elements at risk such as populations, infrastructure, economic, political and social activities, which make them more susceptible to being harmed or damaged by a hazard event (Chen, 2005). The secondary cause results from the dependency of the primary. For example the devastating and seemingly arbitrary nature of disasters such as Hurricane Katrina can reinforce the popular notion that such events are random in their social dimensions. There are many aspects of social dimensions that get affected and these occur abruptly due to the unpremeditated impact of natural disasters. In the case study based on Hurricane Katrina, among New Orleanians who were employed at the time of the storm, only a quarter reported having the same job one month later, compared with over two-thirds of respondents from outside the city (Elliot Pais, 2006). This shows that the natural disaster brought about unemployment which is considered a social issue. Based on the same study by Elliot Pais (2006) it was concluded that when such disasters do occur, individuals understandably become stressed. The results of the Hurricane Katrina Case study also show that for all three indicators of stress (current, short-term, and long-term) proved to be remarkably consistent (Elliot Pais, 2006). They show that race, not class, had a strong influence on post-disaster stress associated with Hurricane Katrina, with blacks generally reporting higher stress levels than whites, all else being equal (Elliot Pais, 2006). Moreover, this racial difference increased further into the future when respondents are asked to look five years ahead (Elliot Pais, 2006). For example, the average black-white differential in stress was greater when respondents are asked to look five years ahead than when they were asked to look only a few months ahead (Elliot Pais, 2006). This provides evidence that natural disasters have social impacts yet is not the driving force behind political change. Instead the politics and ethical issues arise from the mind-sets of the victims themselves arising from the current social systems implemented prior to the disaster. The very same study proved that when these disasters occur, individuals are intensely personally affected and prior research suggests that this stress tends to be higher in technological disasters than in natural disasters (Erikson, 1994; Freudenberg, 1997; Norris et al., 2001). This pattern is pertinent to Hurricane Katrina because many observers now view events within the City of New Orleans as primarily a technological disaster (levee failure) and events outside the city as primarily a natural disaster (wind, rain, and storm-surge destruction) (Elliot Pais, 2006). This proves the correlation between man made global advances and natural disasters. In another study conducted in Ethiopia on the effect of the severe prolonged Ethiopian drought of 1998-2000 presents a second kind of disaster experiment (Carter, Little, Mogues, Negatu, 2007). Direct destruction of assets was modest, but the income losses of repeated crop failures in some locations forced households to choose between preserving assets, or selling them to maintain current consumption and health v(Carter et al, 2007). This particular example suggests that natural disasters puts its victims into a life threatening position of decision yet that decision is forced upon by a global economy. Hence, in order for survival individuals are forced to resort to modern consumptions and become part of the modern economic system. This occurs due to the premise that most land is owned by those who have the most wealth and power. Individuals who are in poverty are therefore unable to build their villages on these lands, though those who have some kind of wealth have an advantage to rebuilding a living. In the case of the recent earthquake in Haiti crisis, political instability and violence seem to have intensified over the last two decades (Daumerie, 2010). While the influence of population on political stability and security is certainly not a simple cause-and-effect relationship, a very youthful age structure can potentially exacerbate the development challenges faced by a nation and, in turn, accentuate political instability (Daumerie, 2010). In Haiti, 15 to 29 year-olds comprise 50 percent of the population, and entering the labour market proves very challenging for them (Daumerie, 2010). As Daumerie (2010) suggests between 45 and 55 percent of youth in their twenties are either unemployed or inactive. Girls perform hard, unpaid work in the household and in some cases engage in paid sexual activity (Daumerie, 2010). As noted by Steve Laguerre of Catholic Relief Services, We have a lot of cross-generational sex between young girls and older men who can provide for them. (Daumerie, 2010;2). According to Daumerie (2010) young boys substitute this by engaging in illegal activities, which in the data are reported as inactivity. Eighty percent of violent crimes in the Caribbean are committed by men, the majority of whom are under age 35 (Daumerie, 2010). The case of Haiti reveals political, economical and social issues that have arisen from the natural disaster. The victims in poverty are forced to resort to desperate measures and the youth is devastatingly affected by this. According to Daumerie (2010) in the capital Port-au Prince, dozens of gangs wander the slums and kill, steal or beat with freedom, while controlling different parts of the city. For a population of less than ten million (half of them children), surveys report 209,000 small arms and light weapons distributed among a horde of armed groups, including criminal and youth gangs, resistance fronts, death squads, prison escapees, political groups, self-defence militias, private security companies and children (Daumerie, 2010). With a succession of military officials rising to power in recent years, international aid was largely suspended and the Haitian army was left with little capital to reimburse its soldiers, who began to use their weapons against citizens for their own gains (Daumerie, 2010). Later, the drug trafficking trade also contributed to the proliferation of violence as Haiti was used by the Colombian cartel as a trans-shipment point for cocaine (Daumerie, 2010). Armed criminal group violence has intensified radically since the last military overthrow in 1994 and have become more brutal since 2000 (Daumerie, 2010). One can elicit that the use of weaponry and violence poses disastrous effects on the physical environment. According to Enzler (2006) the use of weapons, the destruction of structures and oil fields, fires, military transport movements and chemical spraying are all examples of the destroying impact war may have on the environment. Air, water and soil are polluted, man and animal are killed, and numerous health affects occur among those still living (Enzler, 2009). The use of warfare thus contributes to the damaging effects of global warming experienced all over the world today. Hence the notion that the victims impose harm on the environment. In conclusion humans are continuously faced with social change due to the fact that they are continuously changing their way of life. By continuously changing the way of life by modernized means we are changing the life of the living environment itself. The globalisation pandemic is evidence of this. As we continuously develop these advances in production and ways of living we are destroying the balance of nature. When this balance is disrupted natural disasters occur and hence social change emerges. This brings about a cycle where human action and nature are dependent upon one another. Social change in its current state needs to be directed in a positive light where balance is restored. Perhaps this balance will only be renowned when human action is directed toward positive outcomes.

Different Approaches In Child Psychotherapy Children And Young People Essay

Different Approaches In Child Psychotherapy Children And Young People Essay In this paper, after a summary of explanations of why child psychotherapy is important in 0 to 3 years of age group, some different psychotherapy approaches will be introduced. The paper will be focus on psychoanalytic / psychodynamic models; however, other approaches will be described. Every approach will be examined in theoretical and practical aspects. Introduction The very beginning years of human life attracts the attention of researchers in recent years. Especially in the period of 0-3 years of age, brain development is very fast and also the basis of the characteristic features is discarded. Through the psychotherapy practices with adult patients, the importance of early childhood times on mental health began to understand more. Today we know that early childhood experiences have power to affect rest of ones life in physical, emotional, cognitive or social areas (Movder, Rubinson Yasik, 2009). Therefore, in the early years of childhood, therapeutic interventions are quite valuable to minimize the risk factors of future problems. The main goal of this paper is to make a summary about different approaches in early childhood psychotherapies. Although there are hundreds of different therapy techniques in the literature, this paper will only focus on some of the technique which use in 0- to 3-year-old-children. Psychotherapy in 0- to 3-year-old-children: from past to present The therapeutic work with children had begun with the case of Little Hans who had been analyzed by Freud (1909). Hans was five years old when Freud started to treat him. On the other hand, a two and three-quarters-year-old patient Rita, was treated by Klein (1960). This was the first case study in 0 to 3 years of age group. At the beginning of the therapeutic work with children, it was known the effect of the psychoanalytic ideas. Later, child psychologists, who work with different schools, developed different approaches and different techniques. Some of them were non-directive and took the child to the center. Others were directive and focused on parent-child relationship. In this paper, I will focus to psychoanalytic / psychodynamic theory based approaches. And then, I will shortly mention some other approaches. Psychoanalytic Play Therapy This therapy approach is based on Freuds classic psychoanalytic thoughts. Anna Freud (1946 as cited in Astramovich, 1999) and Melanie Klein (1960) established the framework of this therapy technique. They stayed loyal to the some of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis such as unconscious materials and defense mechanisms. But still there were some differences between them. According to Klein (1960), children play purely symbolic games. In this regard, childs play is similar to free association in adults and must be analyzed and interpreted by the therapist. Klein stated that even little children have insight capacity; therefore she found it important to interpreting the child. In her view, interpreting the unconscious symbols and metaphors will help the child to understand his or her real feelings. So that the anxiety level of the child will decrease. She also mentioned about the transference process in children. When she began to treat her two and three-quarters-year-old patient Rita, she was going her home and playing with her toys in her room. But then, she thought that this process may not let the transference occur, and consequently she proposed to analyze child in consulting room, not in the childs house. (Klein, 1960) Anna Freud (1946) thought different from Klein in some matters. She brings two main objections to Kleins methodology. Firstly she mentioned about the issue of free association. According to Freud, childs play cannot think as a version of free association in adults. She believed that a childs play is not always symbolic; it could be a replaying of real events. She also thought different in transference process. In terms of her point of view, the childs interest to the therapist can be seen as an affectionate attachment rather than transference (Freud, 1946). According to Astramovich (1999) toys and childs play are tools to get unconscious material. The therapist tries to make the unconscious processes conscious, and to gains insight into the child. Therefore, the therapist should be empathic and encourage the child to develop a transference relationship. The main goal of this technique is to foster the awareness of wishes and conflicts; and help to children to improve tolerance to their own feelings. Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) CCPT was developed by Virginia Axline (1947) who was student of Carl Rogers. This approach based on Rogerian view. Axline gave place to some of the basic concepts of humanistic theory such as unconditional positive regard, genuineness and empathic understanding. Although Axline herself did not work with the 0 to 3 years of age group, CCPT is used for this period. In a study (Frick-Helms, 1997) 2.8 year old child was treated with this approach. According to Axline (1947) this is a child-led, nondirective approach. It has two main purposes: to help for change and to increase the self-determination of the child. There are no diagnostic interviews before the treatment. Past is past and the child will tell his or her story when the time comes. Therefore, CCPT therapist does not focus to interpreting the child. In play room, the child is free to do what he or she want. The therapist follows the child; accommodates childs steps and not try to lead to the child or not hurry up to solve the problems. The therapist must be vigilant and tender to the childs requirements. Acceptance and understanding of the child is crucial. When the child realizes that he or she accepted by the therapist, it increases the self confidence of the child. (Axline, 1947) CCPT also focuses the recognition of the childs real self. Moustakas (1959 as cited in Astramovich, 1999) mentioned that the lack of recognition of the real self shows negative effect on children and thus, children can not reveal their potentials. The therapists task is to help the child for realization his or her own real self. This process will bring emotional insight to the child. Jungian Analytic Play Therapy This approach is based on Carl Gustav Jungs theoretical view about human psychology. Jung (1954 as cited in Robson, 2010) believed that we all have two types of unconscious: personal and collective. And both of them have archetypes which contain ideas, images, voices and etc. In his point of view, the therapist should provide a reliable environment to the child for playing and revealing the unconscious material. Then the therapist interprets the play and that gives a chance to therapist to promote the child through a healing process (Robson, 2010). There is not enough information about the practice of this approach with 0 to 3 years of age group. However, I can mention about a kind of Jungian sandtray therapy technique called as sandplay therapy which is suitable for every age period. I will touch on this subject later in sandtray therapy chapter. Psychoanalytic Parent Infant Psychotherapy The foundations of this approach come from psychoanalytic theory. It is a version of psychoanalytic play therapy for 0 to 2 years of age period. Therefore, some changes are made. According to Baradon (2005) one of the changes is the position of parents in the therapy process. Unlike classical psychoanalytic view, parents have crucial position in this approach. The therapist tries to support parents to enable better relation with the infant, to enable emotional regulation of both themselves and their infants. Also this approach more focused on the infants to support their development. Positive attachment behaviors, babys coherent sense of self, potential developmental risks, separation and individuation process are worked with parents and infants together. (Baradon, 2005) Baradon also mentioned that, in this approach, the relationship between parents and their infants is seen as patient. The therapist tries to establish a laborsaving environment for the therapy and leans on the relationship. Transference and counter-transference processes; defense mechanisms and resistance are taken into consideration by the therapist. The therapist also procures guidance to parents about the care of the baby. Other important features of this method are assessment and observation of the infant. Psychoanalytic Parent Infant Psychotherapy may use in group settings. It also should be noted that each session is videotaping in this approach. (Baradon, 2005) Filial Therapy (FT) This approach was developed by Drs. Bernard and Louise Guerney in the late 1950s. According to Drewes (2009) FT is a kind of multi theoretical psychoeducational approach which exploits other approaches such as family therapy, play therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. In this technique, the therapist teaches and guides parents as they learn how to play their children. FT is suitable for children 2-12 years of age. It is also useful in group settings. Individual parent sessions generally continue between 15 to 20 one-hour sessions. And group sessions meet for two hours between 10 to 20 weeks. Drewes also mentioned that FT practice begins with an intake session. Then the therapist observes the family while they are playing together. This observation process takes about 20 minutes. Right after the observation, the therapist talks with parents about the play and tell them the FT method. Then the therapist plays with the child in a non-directive way in order to teach to parents how to play. Meanwhile, parents watch the therapist. Towards the end of the session the therapist and parents discuss about the childs play. The therapist listens to parents empathically and answers their questions (Drewes, 2009). When the training period starts, the therapist trains to parents about playing skills. Parents learn four basic skills: structuring the play, empathic listening, child-centered imaginary play and limit-setting skill. Later, the therapist acts like a child and parents play with the therapist. Parents are encouraged to show what they learn about the play. The therapist gives them feedbacks. After that, parents play with their own children with the supervision of the therapist. Finally, towards the end of the treatment, parents practice the play in the home settings. (Drewes, 2009). Theraplay (Attachment-Enhancing Play Therapy) Theraplay is a short-term therapy approach which is based on attachment theory (Booth Jernberg, 2010). It is appropriate to children from eighteen months to twelve years. The core aim of this approach is to improve a safe, compatible, playful relationship between a child and his or her parents. According to Booth Jernberg (2010) the treatment plan of theraplay practice is generally for eighteen to twenty-four sessions. Every treatment plan includes; assessment, treatment and checkup phases. In assessment phase, the childs behaviors and the parents attitudes are assessed by the therapist. In the first treatment phase there can be one or two therapists. If there are two therapists, while one of the therapists is playing with the child; the other one, the interpreting therapist, works with parents. In the beginning of the treatment parents do not join to play sessions. They watch their child from two-way viewing mirror with the interpreting therapist or they watch from videotape after the session (if there are not two therapists). The interpreting therapist talks about the rationale of the theraplay, the problem areas of the child, wishes, concerns and expectations with parents. In the second treatment phase, after observing process, parents play with the child in theraplay r oom. In this phase, four basic skills are taught to parents: structuring, challenging, intruding and/or nurturing. After a termination session, the checkups phase comes. Checkup sessions are made quarterly in first year and annual thereafter. (Booth Jernberg, 2010) Watch, Wait and Wonder (WWW) / Infant-Parent Psychotherapy (IPP) I will introduce these two approaches as together because both of them were developed by same team at the Hincks-Dellcrest Childrens Mental Health Centre (Toronto, Canada). WWW and IPP are effective on infants and based on psychodynamic principles such as unconscious, transference, countertransference and potential space ( Tuters, Doulis Yabsley, 2011). Also these concepts are considered in conjunction with the attachment theory. One of these two approaches is WWW. First W tells to parents watch the play of the infant! What is the infant doing? Second W tells to parents wait the infants play. Dont hurry! Let the infant take to lead in the play! And third W tells to parents wonder about the infants play. What is the infant trying to tell you? The infants play is seen as potential space between the infant and the parent ( Tuters et al., 2011). There are two basic principles of WWW. To accept the leadership of the infant in the play and to accept that the play has a symbolic meaning. Every WWW session has two parts. In first part, the infant plays and the parents are asked to play with the infant on the floor. In play, leadership must be in the infant and the parents should follow the child. In second part the play and the thoughts and feelings of parents are discussed with the therapist. Infant-Parent Psychotherapy (IPP) approach is similar to WWW. Their basic principles are same, but there are some little differences between them. In IPP, in order to show the effect of parents unresolved past issues, the therapist is more active in play. And also countertransference process is more considered in IPP (Tuters et al., 2011). The Developmental, Individual-Differences, Relationship-Based (DIR) Approach This approach was developed by Stanley Greenspan and it provides a multi-dimensional system in order to assess and support of infants and children with different developmental characteristics (Greenspan Wider, 2006). It is especially effective for children who have autism spectrum disorder, down syndrome, learning disorders and developmental disorders. However, DIR approach is suitable to define the childs and familys features. According to Greenspan (2006) the D expresses developmental levels. It gives an idea about that question: Where is the child in developmental continuum? The I expresses individual differences. It emphasizes biologically based capacities such as auditory processing, motor planning and etc. And the I expresses relationship. It calls attention to the relationship between the child and the parents. DIR approach benefits from floortime, which is a kind of play technique, so as to practice the model. Floortime is performed with little children on the floor. Taking into account the childrens individual differences, floortime supports their developmental levels relationship skills. (Greenspan Wider, 2006) Interactional Guidance This approach was developed by Dr. Susan McDonough so as to understand mother-infant relationship through the interactive play experience. It aims to consolidate the relationship between infant and the mother and to increase the mothers enjoyment from interactions with the infant (Balbernie, 1998). Core concepts of this approach are therapeutic alliance and strengths of the family. According to Balbernie (1998) the model focuses on strength features of the family system and tries to consolidate them. The mothers past is not analyzed. Transference dynamics are considered but there is no fully interpretation. Treatment phase contains 5-12 sessions. Videotape is used in this approach. Ecosystemic Play Therapy (EPT) This approach was developed by OConnor who emphasizes the importance of the childrens whole ecosystem. According to OConnor (1997) EPT is a multi theoretical approach. It is not based on only one perspective. The main aim of the EPT is to promote the childs abilities in order to cope with their needs. The basic role of an EPT therapist is to replace the core beliefs of the child with a functioning way. And also, the therapist tries to make the system to be more responsive to the requirements of the child. (OConnor, 1997) Caregiver-Toddler Play Therapy This approach deals with disturbed relationship between the caregiver and the toddler. According to Schaefer Kelly-Zion (2008), the main goal is to improve this disturbed relationship with the play. There are three constituent in this approach. First, the therapist establishes a simultaneous relationship with the toddler and the caregiver. Second, the therapist is able to speak for the child and that supports the communication between the toddler and the caregiver. And third, the therapist guides to caregiver for teaching relational skills. In the beginning treatment, the therapist is very active, but then the caregiver is expected to be more active. (Schaefer Kelly-Zion, 2008) Sandplay Therapy It is a Jungian version of Sandtray Therapy which is developed Dr. Margaret Lowenfield. A Jungian therapist, Dora Kaff, adapted Sandtray Therapy to a Jungian perspective and she called this new version as Sandplay Therapy. According to Zhou (2009) this is an expressive therapy which is appropriate for all ages. This approach helps to emerge nonverbalized emotions. In this technique, children play with sand, water and little miniatures. The symbols in the play reflect personal and collective unconscious and with the help of the therapist the ego of the child is restructured (Zhou, 2009). Conclusion If we consider human life such as a building; 0 to 3 years period correspond to foundation of it. And if this foundation is not strong enough; this building encounters with the risk of falling down. Today, although preventive approaches has already started to gain importance, in some cases, more serious interventions are needed. Child psychotherapies in 0 to 3 years of age group meet this need. The main goal of this paper was to mention different psychotherapeutic approaches which use in 0 to 3 years of age group. It is impossible to mention all approaches therefore I have tried to describe most known and most effective approaches. However, psychotherapy world is not static, in time, different new approaches will emerge.

The Central Processing Unit :: essays research papers

The Central Processing Unit Microprocessors, also called central processing units (CPUs), are frequently described as the "brains" of a computer, because they act as the central control for the processing of data in personal computers (PCs) and other computers. Chipsets perform logic functions in computers based on Intel processors. Motherboards combine Intel microprocessors and chipsets to form the basic subsystem of a PC. Because it's part of every one of your computer's functions, it takes a fast processor to make a fast PC. These processors are all made of transistors. The first transistor was created in 1947 by a team of scientists at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. Ever since 1947 transistors have shrunk dramitically in size enabling more and more to be placed on each single chip. The transistor was not the only thing that had to be developed before a true CPU could be produced. There also had to be some type of surface to assemble the transistors together on. The first chip made of semiconducitve material or silicon was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. Now we have the major elements needed to produce a CPU. In 1965 a company by the name of Intel was formed and they began to produce CPU's shortly thereafter. Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel, predicted that the number of transistor placed on each CPU would double every 18 months or so. This sounds almost impossible, however this has been a very accutate estimation of the evolution of CPUs. Intel introduced their first processor, a 4004, in November of 1971. This first processor had a clock speed of 108 kilohertz and 2,300 transistors. It was used mainly for simple arithmetic manipulation such as in a calculator. Ever since this first processor was introduced the market has done nothing but soared to unbelievable highs. The first processor common in personal computers was the 8088. This processor was introduced in June of 1978. It could be purchased in three different clock speeds starting at 5 Megahertz and going up to 10 Megahertz. This CPU had 29,000 transistors. Then came the 80286 and 80386 processors. The 386 was the first processor to be introduced in the DX, SX, and SL versions. Next came the 80486 processors of which there were even more choices here. The first 486 processor had 1,200,000 transistors and the latest have 1.4 million transistors. There clock speeds varied any where from 16 MHz on the first ones to 100 MHz on the most recent 486 processors. Some of which are still in use in homes all around the country.

Desires for freedom :: essays research papers fc

Desire for Freedom and Desire for Limitations on Freedom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People have the desire for freedom as well as a desire for limitations on their freedom. Freedom and the limitations on freedom are both needed to live peacefully. Absolute freedom cannot be achieved because when you take away limitations you take away a freedom. With out rules governing our society, people would be able to do what they want to each other with out fear of punishment. An examination of the advantages and disadvantages of both arguments helps this become clearer. One of the major reasons freedom is so desirable is because many of the limitations on freedom are disallowing humans the right to have control over their bodies. Control of the human body is the only thing that people have power over. A large number of the prohibited freedoms are crimes where the criminal makes himself the victim. For example, the use of drugs, prostitution, suicide, vagrancy, minor in possession, dodging the draft, entering the country illegally, and disregard for the age limits set on the purchase of pornographic materials. All of these crimes are punishable under the law. These crimes are set apart from most others because the person willingly chooses to victimize themselves (An exception can be made sometimes in the case of prostitution if they are being forced to prostitute against there own will). What people choose to do to themselves, in my opinion, is the least of our worries as a country. The last thing the government should have control over is what you c hoose to do to yourself. As long as you are not directly harming anyone else in the process, the government should not waste their time and money on something that is so trivial in comparison to crimes involving a victim. In general, people do not agree with the government controlling what they can and cannot do to themselves. It should be no one's decision but the people if they want to be homeless, drug addicted, or a prostitute. As long as the only damage done affects the self. These laws only exist in response to popular demand. An immense amount of money, time and labor goes to waste dealing with these types of crimes. It would be a lot more productive and profitable to let people have rule over what they do to our bodies. There is no reason why we need to put this much energy into people who will rid of themselves for us.